Gilbert Paul
Mental Health Research Unit, Kingsway Hospital, Derby, UK.
Psychol Med. 2006 Mar;36(3):287-97. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006112. Epub 2005 Oct 20.
Depression is well recognized to be rooted in the down-regulation of positive affect systems. This paper reviews some of the social and non-social theories that seek to explain the potential adaptive advantages of being able to tone down positive affect, and how dysfunctions in such affect control can occur in some contexts. Common to most evolutionary theories of depression is the view that loss of control over aversive events and/or major resources/rewards exert downward pressure on positive affect. Social theories, however, suggest that it is loss of control over the social environment that is particularly depressogenic. Two evolutionary theories (the attachment-loss, and the defeat-loss theories) are briefly reviewed and their interaction considered. It is suggested that phenotypes for toning down positive affect, in the face of loss of control, may become more severe in the context of socially hostile, unsupportive and/or excessively competitive environments. The paper briefly considers how human competencies for self-evaluation in relation to others, rumination, self-criticism, and modern social contexts can accentuate dysfunctional expressions of affect regulation.
抑郁症被公认为源于积极情感系统的下调。本文回顾了一些社会和非社会理论，这些理论试图解释能够降低积极情感的潜在适应性优势，以及在某些情况下这种情感控制功能失调是如何发生的。大多数抑郁症进化理论的共同观点是，对厌恶事件和/或主要资源/奖励失去控制会对积极情感产生下行压力。然而，社会理论表明，对社会环境失去控制尤其会导致抑郁。本文简要回顾了两种进化理论（依恋丧失理论和挫败丧失理论）并考虑了它们之间的相互作用。研究表明，面对失去控制的情况，降低积极情感的表型在社会敌对、缺乏支持和/或竞争过度的环境中可能会变得更加严重。本文简要探讨了人类与他人相关的自我评估能力、沉思、自我批评以及现代社会背景如何会加剧情感调节的功能失调表现。
