Cardiovascular responses to the combination of caffeine and mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and static exercise stressors.

The present study examined cardiovascular responses to the combination of caffeine (250mg) and mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and static exercise stressors in 48 healthy males. Subjects were tested in a within-subject, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. Repeated measurements of heart rate, finger temperature, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, forearm blood flow, and blood pressure were obtained during a pre-drug resting baseline, a post-drug resting baseline, the three stressor tasks, and a recovery baseline. The primary analyses were 2(Drug) x 5(Period) x 6(Stress Order) MANCOVAs using pre-drug baseline values as covariates. Significant period main effects were observed for all measures. Significant drug main effects were observed for blood pressure, finger temperature, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and forearm blood flow. The significant changes in blood pressure and finger temperature produced by caffeine combined in an additive fashion with the effects produced by the stressors. Significantly greater increases in forearm blood flow and heart rate during mental arithmetic on the caffeine day suggested a potentiation of sympathetic, beta-adrenergic activity. Questionnaires administered during baseline periods to assess psychological responses to stress and caffeine revealed a potentiation of anxiety and anger responses to stress on the caffeine day.