Mamiro Peter S, Kolsteren Patrick, Roberfroid Dominique, Tatala Simon, Opsomer Ann S, Van Camp John H
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biological Sciences, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2005 Sep;23(3):222-30.
Infants in Tanzania are particularly vulnerable to under-nutrition during transition from breastmilk (as the only source of nourishment) to solid foods. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Kilosa district in Tanzania to determine the feeding practices and the extent of wasting, stunting, and iron-deficiency anaemia. The study was done in two stages: in the first stage, a 24-hour dietary assessment was conducted to identify the type of complementary foods given and the eating habits according to age for 378 children aged 3-23 months. In the second stage, a progressive recruitment of 309 infants aged six months was made to measure weight, length, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, zinc protoporphyrin concentration, and malaria parasitaemia. Birth-weight, the potential contributing factor to under-nutrition and iron-deficiency anaemia, was obtained from the children's clinic cards. The 24-hour dietary assessment revealed that children consumed mainly a thin porridge prepared from maize flour as complementary food. Carbohydrates contributed most energy (on average 69%), followed by fats (18.6%) and protein (on average 12.1%). The complementary food co-vered only 15%, 20%, and 27% of the recommended iron intake for children aged 6-8, 9-11 and 12-23 months respectively. The mean Hb concentration was 9.3 +/- 1.9 g/dL, 68% of the infants were moderately anaemic (7 < or =11 g/dL), and about 11% were severely anaemic with Hb below 7 g/dL, while 21% were non-anaemic Hb (> or =11 g/dL). Equally, the mean zinc protoporphyrin concentration was 10.0 +/- 6.2 microg/g Hb, and 76% of the infants were iron-deficient (>5 microg/g Hb). The prevalence of stunting was 35%, while wasting was only 1.3%. Low birth-weight and low body mass index of mothers were the strong predictors of stunting, whereas low birth-weight and iron-deficiency were the strong predictors of anaemia. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was high, affecting 50% of the infants. Having malaria was the only independent predictor associated with stunting, anaemia, and iron-deficiency. There is an urgent need to improve tradi-tional complementary foods in the studied community in terms of energy density, amount of fat in the diet, and bioavailability of macro and micronutrients.
在坦桑尼亚，婴儿从以母乳（作为唯一营养来源）过渡到固体食物的过程中，特别容易出现营养不良的情况。在坦桑尼亚的基洛萨区开展了一项横断面研究，以确定喂养方式以及消瘦、发育迟缓、缺铁性贫血的程度。该研究分两个阶段进行：在第一阶段，对378名3至23个月大的儿童进行了24小时饮食评估，以确定所提供的辅食类型以及根据年龄划分的饮食习惯。在第二阶段，逐步招募了309名6个月大的婴儿，测量其体重、身长、血红蛋白（Hb）浓度、锌原卟啉浓度和疟疾寄生虫血症。出生体重是营养不良和缺铁性贫血的潜在影响因素，数据来自儿童诊所记录卡。24小时饮食评估显示，儿童主要食用以玉米粉制成的稀粥作为辅食。碳水化合物提供的能量最多（平均69%），其次是脂肪（18.6%）和蛋白质（平均12.1%）。辅食分别仅满足6至8个月、9至11个月和12至23个月大儿童铁摄入量推荐值的15%、20%和27%。平均Hb浓度为9.3±1.9g/dL，68%的婴儿为中度贫血（7≤Hb≤11g/dL），约11%的婴儿为重度贫血，Hb低于7g/dL，而21%的婴儿无贫血（Hb≥11g/dL）。同样，平均锌原卟啉浓度为10.0±6.2μg/g Hb，76%的婴儿缺铁（>5μg/g Hb）。发育迟缓的患病率为35%，而消瘦率仅为1.3%。低出生体重和母亲低体重指数是发育迟缓的有力预测因素，而低出生体重和缺铁是贫血的有力预测因素。疟疾寄生虫血症的患病率很高，影响了50%的婴儿。感染疟疾是与发育迟缓、贫血和缺铁相关的唯一独立预测因素。在所研究的社区，迫切需要在能量密度、饮食中的脂肪含量以及大量和微量营养素的生物利用度方面改进传统辅食。
