Pearse J
Nurs RSA. 1992 May;7(5):28-9.
The Infection Control precautions for hepatitis B are those of "Blood and Body Fluid Precautions" and those of "Universal Precautions". Gloves, preferably latex, are worn when there is to be contact with blood and body fluid. Goggles/masks are worn when there is a danger of splashing or aerosol of blood-contaminated secretions. A plastic apron, or water repellant gown, may be indicated if there is a danger of splashing. Hand washing before and after contact with blood and body fluid, even if gloves are worn. Specimens are treated as biohazard. Refuse and linen are treated as infectious. It is important to establish if the patient is in the acute phase, a carrier, or not. Education of the patient about the disease, is very important, especially in the carrier. This poses a problem when there is a language barrier. This is a sensitive subject and must be handled tactfully, especially if the mode of transmission was sexual. Safe sex must be discussed. The partner, and the newborn baby must be assessed and immunised. The transmission of hepatitis A is mainly faeco-oral, and the infection control measures those called "Enteric Precautions", or blood and body fluid precautions. These include the wearing of latex gloves when handling faeces, urine, saliva, and blood. Handwashing is essential. The patient has his own bedpan, urinal, crockery and cutlery. Isolation is continued for the first two weeks of the illness, and one week after the onset of jaundice. The Infection Control management for hepatitis A is slightly different to that of hepatitis B, C, and Non-A Non-B.
乙型肝炎的感染控制预防措施包括“血液和体液预防措施”以及“通用预防措施”。接触血液和体液时应戴手套，最好是乳胶手套。有血液污染分泌物飞溅或形成气溶胶的危险时，应佩戴护目镜/口罩。如有飞溅危险，可使用塑料围裙或防水隔离衣。接触血液和体液前后均应洗手，即使戴了手套。标本应视为生物危害物。垃圾和床单应视为传染性物品。确定患者是处于急性期、携带者还是非携带者很重要。对患者进行关于该疾病的教育非常重要，尤其是对携带者。当存在语言障碍时，这就会成为一个问题。这是一个敏感话题，必须巧妙处理，尤其是在传播途径为性传播的情况下。必须讨论安全性行为。必须对其性伴侣和新生儿进行评估并接种疫苗。甲型肝炎的传播主要是粪口传播，感染控制措施称为“肠道预防措施”或血液和体液预防措施。这些措施包括处理粪便、尿液、唾液和血液时佩戴乳胶手套。洗手至关重要。患者应有自己的便盆、尿壶、餐具。发病后的头两周以及黄疸出现后一周内需持续隔离。甲型肝炎的感染控制管理与乙型、丙型和非甲非乙型肝炎略有不同。
