Saito Masami, Yamanaka Akira, Masaki Hisashi, Nishijima Ayako, Harada Yumiko, Kitazawa Chisato, Abe Hirokazu, Watanabe Masao, Endo Katsuhiko
Department of Physics, Biology and Informatics, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan.
Zoolog Sci. 2005 Nov;22(11):1259-63. doi: 10.2108/zsj.22.1259.
The silken girdles of pupae of the swallowtail butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous show black and white color diphenism. Field observations revealed that all pupae observed on non-food plants and the leaves and stems of the larval food plant Aristolochia debilis were classified as a silken girdle of a black type, while a large portion of pupae pupating on the twigs and trunks of cherry trees in close proximity to A. debilis were classified as a silken girdle of a black type. Additionally, all pupae observed on the surfaces of artificial objects in areas where there are no surrounding plants or trees were classified as a silken girdle of a white type. We demonstrated the effect of day length and the texture, light, plant odor and humidity of pupation sites on the coloration of the silken girdle in A. alcinous. Regardless of long-day or short-day day length conditions, light conditions of constant light or dark, or the presence of a plant odor of A. debilis as environmental cues, all larvae placed at over 80% relative humidity (R.H.) developed into pupae with a silken girdle of a black type. However, all larvae developed into pupae with a silken girdle of a white type when R.H. was below 75%. Furthermore, when pupae with a silken girdle of a white type were transferred to conditions of 90% R.H. within 24 hr of pupation, the white color of the silken girdle changed into a black type within 24 hr of the transfer. The present data suggest that the induction of a black coloration of the silken girdle in A. alcinous requires a R.H. of approximately 80% or more as an environmental factor.
凤蝶属的丝带凤蝶蛹的丝质腰带呈现出黑白二型性。野外观察发现，在非食物植物以及幼虫食物植物马兜铃的叶子和茎上观察到的所有蛹都被归类为黑色型丝质腰带，而在靠近马兜铃的樱桃树树枝和树干上化蛹的大部分蛹也被归类为黑色型丝质腰带。此外，在没有周围植物或树木的区域的人造物体表面观察到的所有蛹都被归类为白色型丝质腰带。我们证明了日长以及化蛹地点的质地、光照、植物气味和湿度对丝带凤蝶丝质腰带颜色形成的影响。无论长日照或短日照条件、持续光照或黑暗的光照条件，还是作为环境线索的马兜铃植物气味的存在，所有置于相对湿度（R.H.）超过80%的幼虫都发育成具有黑色型丝质腰带的蛹。然而，当相对湿度低于75%时所有幼虫都发育成具有白色型丝质腰带的蛹。此外，当具有白色型丝质腰带的蛹在化蛹后24小时内转移到相对湿度90%的条件下时，丝质腰带的白色在转移后24小时内变成黑色型。目前的数据表明，作为一个环境因素，丝带凤蝶丝质腰带黑色的诱导需要大约80%或更高的相对湿度。
