Smith Sarah A, Stephens Patrick R, Wiens John J
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
Evolution. 2005 Nov;59(11):2433-50.
In recent decades, the field of historical biogeography has become increasingly divorced from evolutionary biology, ecology, and studies of species richness. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary causes of patterns of biogeography and species richness in Northern Hemisphere treefrogs, combining phylogenetics, ancestral area reconstruction, molecular dating methods, and ecological niche modeling. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among 58 hylid taxa using data from two mitochondrial genes (12S, ND1) and two nuclear genes (POMC, c-myc). We find that parallel patterns of species richness have developed in Europe, Asia, and in two separate clades of North American hylids, with the highest richness at midtemperate latitudes (30-35 degrees) on each continent. This pattern is surprising given that hylids overall show higher species richness in the New World tropics and given many standard ecological explanations for the latitudinal diversity gradient (e.g., energy, productivity, mid-domain effect). The replicate pattern in Holarctic hylids seems to reflect specialized tolerance for temperate climate regimes or possibly the effects of competition. The results also suggest that long-range dispersal between continental regions with similar climatic regimes may be easier than dispersal between geographically adjacent regions with different climatic regimes. Our results show the importance of ecology and evolution to large-scale biogeography and the importance of large-scale biogeography to understanding patterns of species richness.
近几十年来，历史生物地理学领域与进化生物学、生态学以及物种丰富度研究日益脱节。在本文中，我们结合系统发育学、祖先区域重建、分子定年方法和生态位建模，探讨了北半球树蛙生物地理学模式和物种丰富度的进化成因。我们利用来自两个线粒体基因（12S、ND1）和两个核基因（POMC、c-myc）的数据，重建了58个雨蛙科分类单元之间的系统发育关系。我们发现，欧洲、亚洲以及北美雨蛙科的两个独立分支中出现了平行的物种丰富度模式，在每个大陆的中温带纬度（30 - 35度）物种丰富度最高。考虑到雨蛙科总体上在新大陆热带地区具有更高的物种丰富度，以及许多关于纬度多样性梯度的标准生态学解释（例如，能量、生产力、中间区域效应），这种模式令人惊讶。全北区雨蛙科的重复模式似乎反映了对温带气候条件的特殊耐受性，或者可能是竞争的影响。结果还表明，气候条件相似的大陆区域之间的远距离扩散可能比气候条件不同的地理相邻区域之间的扩散更容易。我们的结果表明了生态学和进化对大规模生物地理学的重要性，以及大规模生物地理学对理解物种丰富度模式的重要性。
