Vlamings Petra H J M, Uher Jana, Call Josep
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2006 Jan;32(1):60-70. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.60.
S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible.
S. T. 博伊森和G. G. 伯恩特森（1995年）发现，黑猩猩在逆向条件任务中表现不佳，在该任务中它们必须指向两个食物量中较小的那个以获取较大的量。作者比较了4种大型猿类（黑猩猩、红毛猩猩、倭黑猩猩和大猩猩）在逆向条件任务中的表现，同时操纵食物量（0 - 4或1 - 4）和食物可见性（可见对或遮盖对）。结果显示没有系统的物种差异，但个体差异很大。每个物种的一些个体能够解决逆向条件任务。食物项目的数量和可见性对表现都有显著影响。当数量之间的差异较小时且数量不是直接可见时，受试者表现得更好。
