Eisenberg N, Wolchik S A, Goldberg L, Engel I
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
J Genet Psychol. 1992 Mar;153(1):19-36. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1992.10753699.
In this study, the authors assessed the relation of parental reinforcement and parental values to young children's prosocial behaviors. Parents' dyadic interactions with their 1- to 2-year-old children were videotaped in the home on two occasions approximately 6 months apart. The children also were videotaped playing with a peer at 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 years of age. Parental reinforcement of the children's prosocial behaviors was coded, as were the children's prosocial behaviors with the peer. The frequency of girls' spontaneous prosocial behaviors decreased in the early years; modest consistency was observed for boys (but not girls) across the two parental sessions. No relation existed between the frequency of children's prosocial behaviors with their parents and their behaviors with peers. Both maternal and paternal valuing of compliance were negatively related to the mothers' use of reinforcement for children's spontaneous prosocial behaviors. Parental reinforcement of compliant prosocial behaviors was negatively related to children's compliance with a peer's request for prosocial behavior and positively related to defensive behavior with the peer. Fathers' valuing of prosocial behavior was associated with children's compliance with the peer's requests for prosocial action. Parents who valued compliance had children who exhibited low levels of compliant prosocial behaviors with the peer, possibly because of the depressed level of peer interaction.
在本研究中，作者评估了父母的强化与父母的价值观对幼儿亲社会行为的关系。父母与1至2岁孩子的二元互动在家中被录像，分两次进行，时间间隔约6个月。孩子们在3岁半至4岁半时与同伴玩耍的情况也被录像。对父母对孩子亲社会行为的强化进行了编码，同时也对孩子与同伴的亲社会行为进行了编码。女孩自发亲社会行为的频率在早年有所下降；在两次父母参与的环节中，男孩（而非女孩）的情况有适度的一致性。孩子与父母的亲社会行为频率与其与同伴的行为之间不存在关联。母亲和父亲对顺从的重视都与母亲对孩子自发亲社会行为使用强化手段呈负相关。父母对顺从性亲社会行为的强化与孩子顺从同伴亲社会行为的请求呈负相关，与对同伴的防御行为呈正相关。父亲对亲社会行为的重视与孩子顺从同伴亲社会行为的请求有关。重视顺从的父母，其孩子在与同伴相处时表现出的顺从性亲社会行为水平较低，这可能是由于同伴互动水平较低所致。
