Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Strass D
Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Germany.
Gait Posture. 2006 Dec;24(4):459-66. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.12.007. Epub 2006 Feb 2.
The aging neuromuscular system is affected by structural and functional changes which lead to a general slowing down of neuromuscular performance and an increased risk of falling. The impact of heavy resistance (HR) training in the elderly on maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) has been investigated in the past. However, the influence of sensorimotor (SENSO) training and HR training on the ability to compensate for gait perturbations has not yet been investigated in the elderly. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the impact of HR and SENSO training in elderly men on unexpected treadmill perturbations. Functional reflex activity was recorded by means of surface EMG in 40 male subjects (>60 years) before and after 13 weeks of HR and SENSO training and in another 20 male subjects (>60 years), which served as a CONTROL-group. SENSO training resulted in a decrease in onset latency, an enhanced reflex activity in the prime mover as well as a decrease in maximal angular velocity of the ankle joint complex during the perturbation impulses. No significant changes were observed in the HR- and in the CONTROL-group. The results clearly indicate that SENSO training has an impact on spinal motor control mechanisms in the elderly. Training induced improvements in perception and procession of afferent information could be a possible reason for the increase in reflex contraction. Due to these adaptive processes, SENSO training could be a well-suited method for fall preventive programs in elderly people.
衰老的神经肌肉系统会受到结构和功能变化的影响，这些变化会导致神经肌肉功能普遍减慢以及跌倒风险增加。过去已经研究了老年人进行重阻力（HR）训练对最大自主收缩（MVC）和力量发展速率（RFD）的影响。然而，感觉运动（SENSO）训练和HR训练对老年人补偿步态扰动能力的影响尚未得到研究。因此，本研究的目的是检验HR训练和SENSO训练对老年男性应对意外跑步机扰动的影响。在40名男性受试者（>60岁）进行13周的HR训练和SENSO训练之前和之后，以及在另外20名男性受试者（>60岁）作为对照组的情况下，通过表面肌电图记录功能反射活动。SENSO训练导致起始潜伏期缩短，原动肌的反射活动增强，以及在扰动冲动期间踝关节复合体的最大角速度降低。在HR组和对照组中未观察到显著变化。结果清楚地表明，SENSO训练对老年人的脊髓运动控制机制有影响。训练引起的传入信息感知和处理能力的改善可能是反射收缩增加的一个可能原因。由于这些适应性过程，SENSO训练可能是老年人预防跌倒计划的一种合适方法。
