Steiper Michael E
Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
J Hum Evol. 2006 May;50(5):509-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.12.005. Epub 2006 Feb 9.
This paper examines orangutan population history and evolution through a meta-analysis of seven loci collected from both Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. Within orangutans, most loci show that the Sumatran population is about twice as diverse as the Bornean population. Orangutans are more diverse than African apes and humans. Sumatran and Bornean populations show significant genetic differentiation from one another and their history does not differ significantly from an 'island model' (population splitting without gene flow). Two different methods support a divergence of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans at 2.7-5 million years ago. This suggests that Pleistocene events, such as the cyclical exposure of the Sunda shelf and the Toba volcanic eruption, did not have a major impact on the divergence of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. Pairwise mismatch analyses, however, suggest that Bornean orangutans have undergone a recent population expansion (beginning 39,000-64,000 years ago), while Sumatran orangutan populations were stable. Pleistocene events may have contributed to these aspects of orangutan population history. These conclusions are applied to the debate on orangutan taxonomy.
本文通过对从苏门答腊猩猩和婆罗洲猩猩身上采集的七个基因座进行荟萃分析，研究了猩猩的种群历史和进化。在猩猩群体中，大多数基因座显示苏门答腊种群的多样性约为婆罗洲种群的两倍。猩猩比非洲猿类和人类具有更高的多样性。苏门答腊种群和婆罗洲种群之间存在显著的遗传分化，并且它们的历史与“岛屿模型”（种群分裂且无基因流动）没有显著差异。两种不同的方法支持婆罗洲猩猩和苏门答腊猩猩在270万至500万年前发生了分化。这表明更新世事件，如巽他陆架的周期性暴露和多巴火山喷发，对婆罗洲猩猩和苏门答腊猩猩的分化没有重大影响。然而，成对失配分析表明，婆罗洲猩猩经历了近期的种群扩张（始于39000 - 64000年前），而苏门答腊猩猩种群则保持稳定。更新世事件可能对猩猩种群历史的这些方面有所贡献。这些结论被应用于关于猩猩分类学的争论中。
