Weston D P, Holmes R W, You J, Lydy M J
Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Buildiing, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Dec 15;39(24):9778-84. doi: 10.1021/es0506354.
Pyrethroids are the active ingredients in most insecticides available to consumers for residential use in the United States. Yet despite their dominance in the marketplace, there has been no attempt to analyze for most of these compounds in watercourses draining residential areas. Roseville, California was selected as a typical suburban development, and several creeks that drain subdivisions of single-family homes were examined. Nearly all creek sediments collected caused toxicity in laboratory exposures to an aquatic species, the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and about half the samples caused nearly complete mortality. This same species was also found as a resident in the system, but its presence was limited to areas where residential influence was least. The pyrethroid bifenthrin is implicated as the primary cause of the toxicity, with additional contributions to toxicity from the pyrethroids cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. The dominant sources of these pyrethroids are structural pest control by professional applicators and/ or homeowner use of insecticides, particularly lawn care products. The suburbs of Roseville are unlikely to be unique, and similar sediment quality degradation is likely in other suburban areas, particularly in dry regions where landscape irrigation can dominate seasonal flow in some water bodies.
拟除虫菊酯是美国消费者可购得的用于家庭住宅的大多数杀虫剂中的活性成分。然而，尽管它们在市场上占据主导地位，但对于流经居民区的水道中的大多数此类化合物，却从未有人尝试进行分析。加利福尼亚州的罗斯维尔被选为典型的郊区开发区，并对几条流经独栋住宅分区的小溪进行了检测。几乎所有采集到的小溪沉积物在实验室暴露实验中都会对一种水生物种——双刺甲溞产生毒性，约一半的样本会导致近乎完全死亡。在该系统中也发现了同一种生物，但它仅存在于受居民区影响最小的区域。拟除虫菊酯联苯菊酯被认为是毒性的主要原因，氯氟氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯这两种拟除虫菊酯也对毒性有额外影响。这些拟除虫菊酯的主要来源是专业施药人员进行的结构害虫防治和/或房主使用杀虫剂，尤其是草坪护理产品。罗斯维尔的郊区不太可能是个例，其他郊区地区可能也存在类似的沉积物质量退化问题，尤其是在干旱地区，景观灌溉可能在某些水体的季节性水流中占主导地位。
