Walker Guy H, Stanton Neville A, Young Mark S
Driving Research Laboratory, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
Ergonomics. 2006 Feb 10;49(2):161-79. doi: 10.1080/00140130500448085.
Car drivers show an acute sensitivity towards vehicle feedback, with most normal drivers able to detect 'the difference in vehicle feel of a medium-size saloon car with and without a fairly heavy passenger in the rear seat' (Joy and Hartley 1953-54). The irony is that this level of sensitivity stands in contrast to the significant changes in vehicle 'feel' accompanying modern trends in automotive design, such as drive-by-wire and increased automation. The aim of this paper is to move the debate from the anecdotal to the scientific level. This is achieved by using the Brunel University driving simulator to replicate some of these trends and changes by presenting (or removing) different forms of non-visual vehicle feedback, and measuring resultant driver situational awareness (SA) using a probe-recall method. The findings confirm that vehicle feedback plays a key role in coupling the driver to the dynamics of their environment (Moray 2004), with the role of auditory feedback particularly prominent. As a contrast, drivers in the study also rated their self-perceived levels of SA and a concerning dissociation occurred between the two sets of results. Despite the large changes in vehicle feedback presented in the simulator, and the measured changes in SA, drivers appeared to have little self-awareness of these changes. Most worryingly, drivers demonstrated little awareness of diminished SA. The issues surrounding vehicle feedback are therefore similar to the classic problems and ironies studied in aviation and automation, and highlight the role that ergonomics can also play within the domain of contemporary vehicle design.
汽车驾驶员对车辆反馈表现出敏锐的敏感度，大多数正常驾驶员能够察觉到“一辆中型轿车后座有无一名相当重的乘客时车辆感觉的差异”（乔伊和哈特利，1953 - 1954年）。具有讽刺意味的是，这种敏感度水平与汽车设计现代趋势（如线控驾驶和自动化程度提高）所带来的车辆“感觉”的显著变化形成了对比。本文的目的是将这场争论从轶事层面提升到科学层面。这是通过使用布鲁内尔大学驾驶模拟器来实现的，即通过呈现（或去除）不同形式的非视觉车辆反馈来复制其中一些趋势和变化，并使用探测回忆法测量由此产生的驾驶员态势感知（SA）。研究结果证实，车辆反馈在将驾驶员与他们所处环境的动态联系起来方面起着关键作用（莫雷，2004年），其中听觉反馈的作用尤为突出。相比之下，参与研究的驾驶员也对他们自我感知的态势感知水平进行了评分，结果两组之间出现了令人担忧的脱节。尽管模拟器中呈现的车辆反馈有很大变化，且态势感知也有相应测量变化，但驾驶员似乎对这些变化几乎没有自我意识。最令人担忧的是，驾驶员对态势感知的降低几乎没有意识。因此，围绕车辆反馈的问题与航空和自动化领域中研究的经典问题及讽刺现象类似，并凸显了人机工程学在当代车辆设计领域中也能发挥的作用。
