Lenior Dick, Janssen Wiel, Neerincx Mark, Schreibers Kirsten
ErgoS Engineering and Ergonomics, PO Box 267, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Appl Ergon. 2006 Jul;37(4):479-90. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2006.04.021.
The theme Smart Transport can be described as adequate human-system symbiosis to realize effective, efficient and human-friendly transport of goods and information. This paper addresses how to attune automation to human (cognitive) capacities (e.g. to take care of information uncertainty, operator trust and mutual man-machine adaptations). An introduction to smart transport is presented, including examples of best practice for engineering human factors in the vehicle ergonomics and train traffic control domain. The examples are representative of an ongoing trend in automation and they show how the human role changes from controller to supervisor. Section 2 focuses on the car driver and systems that support, or sometimes even take over, critical parts of the driving task. Due to the diversity of driver ability, driving context and dependence between driver and context factors, there is a need for personalised, adaptive and integrated support. Systematic research is needed to establish sound systems. Section 3 focuses on the train dispatcher support systems that predict train movements, detect potential conflicts and show the dispatcher the possibilities available to solve the detected problems. Via thorough analysis of both the process to be controlled and the dispatcher's tasks and cognitive needs, support functions were developed as part of an already very complex supervision and control system. The two examples, although from a different field, both show the need for further development in cognitive modelling as well as for the value of sound ergonomics task analysis in design practice.
智能交通这一主题可被描述为实现货物和信息的有效、高效及人性化运输的充分的人机共生关系。本文探讨如何使自动化与人类（认知）能力相协调（例如处理信息不确定性、操作员信任以及人机相互适应）。文中介绍了智能交通，包括车辆人机工程学和列车交通控制领域中工程学人为因素的最佳实践示例。这些示例代表了自动化领域的一种持续趋势，展示了人类角色从控制者向监督者的转变。第2节重点关注汽车驾驶员以及支持甚至有时接管驾驶任务关键部分的系统。由于驾驶员能力、驾驶环境以及驾驶员与环境因素之间的依赖性存在多样性，因此需要个性化、自适应且集成化的支持。需要进行系统研究以建立完善的系统。第3节重点关注列车调度员支持系统，该系统可预测列车运行、检测潜在冲突并向调度员展示解决已检测到问题的可用可能性。通过对要控制的过程以及调度员的任务和认知需求进行全面分析，作为已经非常复杂的监督和控制系统的一部分开发了支持功能。这两个示例虽然来自不同领域，但都表明了认知建模进一步发展的必要性以及合理的人机工程学任务分析在设计实践中的价值。
