Karimuribo E D, Fitzpatrick J L, Bell C E, Swai E S, Kambarage D M, Ogden N H, Bryant M J, French N P
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Prev Vet Med. 2006 Apr 17;74(1):84-98. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.009. Epub 2006 Feb 17.
In a cross-sectional study of 400 randomly selected smallholder dairy farms in the Tanga and Iringa regions of Tanzania, 14.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)=11.6-17.3) of cows had developed clinical mastitis during the previous year. The point prevalence of subclinical mastitis, defined as a quarter positive by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) or by bacteriological culture, was 46.2% (95% CI=43.6-48.8) and 24.3% (95% CI=22.2-26.6), respectively. In a longitudinal disease study in Iringa, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 31.7 cases per 100 cow-years. A randomised intervention trial indicated that intramammary antibiotics significantly reduced the proportion of bacteriologically positive quarters in the short-term (14 days post-infusion) but teat dipping had no detectable effect on bacteriological infection and CMT positive quarters. Other risk and protective factors were identified from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal included animals with Boran breeding (odds ratio (OR)=3.40, 95% CI=1.00-11.57, P<0.05 for clinical mastitis, and OR=3.51, 95% CI=1.29-9.55, P<0.01 for a CMT positive quarter), while the practice of residual calf suckling was protective for a bacteriologically positive quarter (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.48-0.81, P<or=0.001) and for a CMT positive quarter (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.63-0.75, P<0.001). A mastitis training course for farmers and extension officers was held, and the knowledge gained and use of different methods of dissemination were assessed over time. In a subsequent randomised controlled trial, there were strong associations between knowledge gained and both the individual question asked and the combination of dissemination methods (village meeting, video and handout) used. This study demonstrated that both clinical and subclinical mastitis is common in smallholder dairying in Tanzania, and that some of the risk and protective factors for mastitis can be addressed by practical management of dairy cows following effective knowledge transfer.
在一项对坦桑尼亚坦噶和伊林加地区随机选取的400个小农户奶牛场进行的横断面研究中，14.2%（95%置信区间（CI）=11.6 - 17.3）的奶牛在上一年发生了临床型乳房炎。通过加利福尼亚乳房炎检测（CMT）或细菌培养定义为一个乳区呈阳性的亚临床型乳房炎的点患病率分别为46.2%（95% CI = 43.6 - 48.8）和24.3%（95% CI = 22.2 - 26.6）。在伊林加进行的一项纵向疾病研究中，临床型乳房炎的发病率为每100头奶牛年31.7例。一项随机干预试验表明，乳房内注射抗生素在短期内（注射后14天）显著降低了细菌学阳性乳区的比例，但乳头药浴对细菌感染和CMT阳性乳区没有可检测到的影响。从横断面和纵向研究中都确定了其他风险和保护因素，包括具有博拉纳品种的动物（临床型乳房炎的比值比（OR）= 3.40，95% CI = 1.00 - 11.57，P < 0.05；CMT阳性乳区的OR = 3.51，95% CI = 1.29 - 9.55，P < 0.01），而让小牛残留吮乳的做法对细菌学阳性乳区（OR = 0.63，95% CI = 0.48 - 0.81，P ≤ 0.001）和CMT阳性乳区（OR = 0.69，95% CI = 0.63 - 0.75，P < 0.001）具有保护作用。为农民和推广人员举办了一次乳房炎培训课程，并随着时间推移评估所获得的知识以及不同传播方法的使用情况。在随后的一项随机对照试验中，所获得的知识与所问的单个问题以及所使用的传播方法组合（村民会议、视频和手册）之间存在很强的关联。这项研究表明，临床型和亚临床型乳房炎在坦桑尼亚小农户奶牛养殖中都很常见，并且通过有效的知识转移对奶牛进行实际管理，可以解决一些乳房炎的风险和保护因素。
