Winstanley Catharine A, Eagle Dawn M, Robbins Trevor W
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Aug;26(4):379-95. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.001. Epub 2006 Feb 28.
Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term impulsivity describes, it has been suggested that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating impulsivity into these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of impulsivity in both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and evaluates some of the current behavioral models of impulsivity developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stop-signal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms. Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and neurochemical basis of impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry.
冲动性，广义上定义为缺乏远见的行为，是包括注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、躁狂症和药物滥用在内的多种精神疾病的一个组成部分。为了研究冲动行为背后的机制，需要从可作为实证研究基础的操作性角度来定义冲动性本身的性质。由于冲动性这一术语所描述的行为范围广泛，有人提出冲动性不是一个单一的概念，而是包含了各种相关现象，这些现象在生物学基础上可能有所不同。通过将冲动性分解为这些组成部分，已证明有可能设计出不同的行为范式来测量人类和实验动物冲动性的各个方面。本综述描述并评估了一些基于人类神经心理学测试开发的、用于啮齿动物的当前冲动性行为模型，重点介绍了五选择连续反应时任务、停止信号反应时任务和延迟折扣范式。此外，还讨论了使用此类方法的临床前研究对增进我们对冲动性和ADHD的神经及神经化学基础的理解所做的贡献，特别提及了血清素能和多巴胺能系统以及额纹状体回路的参与情况。
