Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Prog Neurobiol. 2013 Sep;108:44-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005. Epub 2013 Jul 13.
In many circumstances alternative courses of action and thoughts have to be inhibited to allow the emergence of goal-directed behavior. However, this has not been the accepted view in the past and only recently has inhibition earned its own place in the neurosciences as a fundamental cognitive function. In this review we first introduce the concept of inhibition from early psychological speculations based on philosophical theories of the human mind. The broad construct of inhibition is then reduced to its most readily observable component which necessarily is its behavioral manifestation. The study of 'response inhibition' has the advantage of dealing with a relatively simple and straightforward process, the overriding of a planned or already initiated action. Deficient inhibitory processes profoundly affect everyday life, causing impulsive conduct which is generally detrimental for the individual. Impulsivity has been consistently linked to several types of addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mania and other psychiatric conditions. Our discussion of the behavioral assessment of impulsivity will focus on objective laboratory tasks of response inhibition that have been implemented in parallel for humans and other species with relatively few qualitative differences. The translational potential of these measures has greatly improved our knowledge of the neurobiological basis of behavioral inhibition and impulsivity. We will then review the current models of behavioral inhibition along with their expression via underlying brain regions, including those involved in the activation of the brain's emergency 'brake' operation, those engaged in more controlled and sustained inhibitory processes and other ancillary executive functions.
在许多情况下，必须抑制其他行动方案和思维，以允许出现目标导向的行为。然而，过去人们并不接受这种观点，直到最近，抑制才在神经科学中作为一种基本的认知功能获得了自己的地位。在这篇综述中，我们首先从基于人类思维哲学理论的早期心理学推测中引入抑制的概念。然后，将抑制的广泛结构简化为其最容易观察到的组成部分，这必然是其行为表现。“反应抑制”的研究具有处理相对简单直接的过程的优势，即超越计划或已经启动的动作。抑制过程的缺陷会深刻地影响日常生活，导致冲动行为，这通常对个人不利。冲动性一直与几种成瘾、注意力缺陷/多动障碍、躁狂和其他精神疾病有关。我们对冲动性的行为评估的讨论将集中在反应抑制的客观实验室任务上，这些任务已经在人类和其他物种中同时实施，并且具有相对较少的定性差异。这些措施的转化潜力大大提高了我们对行为抑制和冲动性的神经生物学基础的认识。然后，我们将回顾行为抑制的当前模型，以及它们通过大脑的潜在区域表达，包括那些参与大脑紧急“刹车”操作的激活、那些参与更受控和持续的抑制过程以及其他辅助执行功能的区域。
