Kemp W P, Bosch J
USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systematics Laboratory, 5310 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5310, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2005 Dec;98(6):1917-23. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.1917.
The solitary bee Osmia lignaria Say continues to be developed as an orchard pollinator in the United States and southern Canada. Female bees are active during the early spring and construct nests consisting of a linear series of unlined cells delimited by mud partitions. Cells are provisioned with a pollen/nectar mass on which an egg is deposited, and nests are sealed with a mud plug. In 1997, we initiated two experiments on the development, mortality, and emergence of O. lignaria at selected laboratory temperature regimes and outdoors. In the first experiment (published previously), we compared temperature treatments for their adequacy in maintaining healthy O. lignaria populations. In a second experiment (reported here), we determined the relationship between rearing temperatures and prepupa-adult development rates as well as emergence time and longevity after wintering and incubation the following spring. We observed important differences in O. lignaria prepupa versus pupa responses to selected temperature treatments. The relationship between temperature and days to pupa was U-shaped, with additional time to transit the prepupa-pupa interval at temperatures above and below 26 degrees C. The negative relationship between temperature and the length of the pupa to adult interval contrasts with the U-shaped thermal response observed for prepupae. Thus, with each increase in thermal heat units over the range of temperature treatments tested, we observed an additional reduction in the pupa-adult interval. Individuals reared at constant 18 degrees C required 2.4 times as many days to transit the pupa-adult interval compared with those at constant 32 degrees C. Our results suggest that there is a need for the development of regionally adapted, latitude-specific breeding populations of this outstanding orchard crop pollinator.
独居蜂木蜂（Osmia lignaria Say）在美国和加拿大南部仍然作为果园传粉者而被持续开发利用。雌蜂在早春活跃，会建造由一系列无内衬的巢室组成的巢穴，这些巢室由泥隔板分隔开来。巢室中会储备一团花粉/花蜜，并在上面产下一枚卵，巢穴最后用泥塞密封。1997年，我们在选定的实验室温度条件和户外环境下，针对木蜂的发育、死亡率和羽化开展了两项实验。在第一个实验（此前已发表）中，我们比较了不同温度处理维持健康木蜂种群的适宜程度。在第二个实验（在此报告）中，我们确定了饲养温度与预蛹至成虫发育速率之间的关系，以及越冬和次年春季孵化后的羽化时间和寿命。我们观察到木蜂预蛹和蛹对选定温度处理的反应存在重要差异。温度与蛹化天数之间的关系呈U形，在26摄氏度以上和以下的温度条件下，预蛹至蛹阶段的过渡时间会增加。温度与蛹至成虫阶段间隔长度之间的负相关关系，与预蛹观察到的U形热反应形成对比。因此，在所测试的温度处理范围内，随着热单位的每一次增加，我们观察到蛹至成虫阶段的间隔会进一步缩短。在恒定18摄氏度下饲养的个体，与在恒定32摄氏度下饲养的个体相比，蛹至成虫阶段的过渡时间要多2.4倍。我们的结果表明，需要培育适应不同区域、特定纬度的这种优秀果园作物传粉者的繁殖种群。
