Treatment and pharmacologic management of BPH in the context of common comorbidities.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is extremely common in the aging man and may cause significant lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) necessitating treatment. Drug treatment is the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic BPH and is directed at relaxing prostatic smooth muscle, reducing prostate volume, or a combination of these effects. The most commonly used drugs for this indication are alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which relax prostatic smooth muscle, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which reduce prostatic androgen levels and consequently prostate size. Invasive interventions include the gold standard, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and several minimally invasive surgical options. Although effective in alleviating symptoms, TURP carries a higher risk of morbidity and complications, including sexual side effects (mainly ejaculatory dysfunction), than medical therapy or minimally invasive techniques. Treatment for BPH, whether medical or surgical, must take patients' comorbid conditions into consideration so that LUTS may be effectively relieved, with the smallest risk of exacerbating any concomitant conditions.