Larke Amiee, Crews Douglas E
Kent State University, USA.
J Physiol Anthropol. 2006 Jan;25(1):119-31. doi: 10.2114/jpa2.25.119.
Throughout the living world trade-offs between reproductive success and longevity have been observed. In general, two extremes of life history patterning are reported, r- and K-selected species. The latter tend toward larger body sizes, few offspring from any one pregnancy, few offspring over the female reproductive span, longer life spans, and greater parental investment (PI: all efforts and expenses associated with the production, gestation, post-natal care, feeding, and protection of young) (e.g., whales, elephants, hominids). r-selected species tend toward smaller body size, multiple births/litters per pregnancy, female production of many gametes and offspring over the life span, and low levels of PI (e.g., most plants, insects, mice). These differences have significant influences on physiological variation among human populations. Across human samples, reproductive success (RS: the number of offspring successfully birthed and reared to reproductive age) has been reported to vary positively, negatively, and not at all with longevity of women. This complexity may be in part due to the fact that both early-life and late-life fecundity are associated with longevity in women, while total parity seems a poor gauge of female longevity in humankind. Large variations in associations of RS with longevity in women suggest that multiple factors may confound this association. One confounding factor is that among women, RS is largely determined not by fecundity, but by the quality of PI available to offspring. Among modern humans, PI is more complex, longer lasting (both relatively and absolutely), and extensive than for any other mammal. This suggests that modern human life history is a reflection of the co-evolution of longevity and extensive PI as part of our species' biocultural evolution. The need for long-term PI has greatly shaped human physiological variation and patterns of longevity.
在整个生物界，人们观察到了繁殖成功率与寿命之间的权衡。一般来说，有两种极端的生命史模式被报道，即r选择物种和K选择物种。后者往往体型较大，每次怀孕产仔少，在雌性繁殖期内产仔少，寿命较长，亲代投资较大（亲代投资：与后代的生产、妊娠、产后护理、喂养和保护相关的所有努力和费用）（例如鲸鱼、大象、人类）。r选择物种往往体型较小，每次怀孕多胎/多窝，雌性一生中产生许多配子和后代，亲代投资水平较低（例如大多数植物、昆虫、老鼠）。这些差异对人类群体的生理变异有重大影响。在不同的人类样本中，据报道繁殖成功率（繁殖成功率：成功生育并养育至生殖年龄的后代数量）与女性寿命呈正相关、负相关或无相关性。这种复杂性可能部分是由于早期和晚期的生育能力都与女性寿命有关，而总产次似乎不是衡量人类女性寿命的一个好指标。女性繁殖成功率与寿命之间的关联存在很大差异，这表明可能有多种因素混淆了这种关联。一个混淆因素是，在女性中，繁殖成功率很大程度上不是由生育能力决定的，而是由后代可获得的亲代投资质量决定的。在现代人类中，亲代投资比任何其他哺乳动物都更复杂、持续时间更长（相对和绝对而言）且范围更广。这表明现代人类的生命史是寿命和广泛亲代投资共同进化的反映，这是我们物种生物文化进化的一部分。对长期亲代投资的需求极大地塑造了人类的生理变异和寿命模式。
