van Boekholt Bas, van de Waal Erica, Sterck Elisabeth H M
Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CH The Netherlands.
Department of Comparative Biocognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49074, Germany.
iScience. 2021 Feb 3;24(2):102117. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102117. eCollection 2021 Feb 19.
Social learning, which is a mechanism that allows an individual to acquire skills from other individuals, occurs in a social context. Therefore, factors that influence social context, like social structure, will impact social learning opportunities. This review explores how features of social structure affect social learning opportunities in primates, either through their relationship with social tolerance or through the number of social learning models. Features that are investigated in this review and that we hypothesize affect social learning opportunities are parental investment, dominance hierarchy, nepotism, social bonds, dispersal, group size, fission-fusion dynamics, and sex ratio. For most of these features we find evidence, but support varies. Of all primate species, only humans show all the requirements of an optimal social structure to promote social learning. Future research into social learning and culture should not overlook the social context in which it takes place.
社会学习是一种使个体能够从其他个体那里获取技能的机制，它发生在社会环境中。因此，诸如社会结构等影响社会环境的因素会影响社会学习机会。本综述探讨社会结构特征如何通过与社会容忍度的关系或社会学习榜样的数量来影响灵长类动物的社会学习机会。本综述所研究且我们假设会影响社会学习机会的特征包括亲代投资、优势等级制度、裙带关系、社会纽带、扩散、群体规模、裂变-融合动态以及性别比例。对于这些特征中的大多数，我们都找到了证据，但支持程度各不相同。在所有灵长类物种中，只有人类展现出促进社会学习的最优社会结构的所有要求。未来关于社会学习和文化的研究不应忽视其发生的社会环境。
