Therapeutic challenges of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with substance use disorders.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, is frequently comorbid with substance use disorders (SUDs) in both adolescents and adults. This paper will provide an overview of the relationship between ADHD and SUDs and discuss the primary areas of therapeutic challenge in the treatment of individuals with comorbid ADHD and SUDs, including the diagnosis of ADHD in populations with SUDs, selecting appropriate agents for use and prevention of abuse and/or diversion of the therapeutic pharmacological agents used in ADHD treatment. The authors will also provide a discussion on the future of research and treatment in this area and key issues for clinicians.