Chen Jing-qi, Wu Chun-mei, Dunne Michael P, Ma Yu-xia, Chen Bo, Liang Yi-huai, Cheng Ya-jie
Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;44(1):26-30.
To ascertain the prevalence of childhood corporal punishment by teachers in students, to explore the influencing factors and associations between childhood corporal punishment and psychological problems.
Five hundred and twenty-eight students from a college and a technical secondary school in Hebei province were surveyed by self-administered questionnaire anonymously in Dec. 2004. The questionnaire used for this survey mainly included (1) general demographic information; (2) 5 forms of childhood corporal punishments, in this study, cases of teachers' corporal punishments were defined as those who answered positively one or more of the 5 questions relating to childhood corporal punishment by school teachers occurring before the age of 16 years; (3) Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90); (4) Youth Risk Behaviours.
Overall, 57.6% of students reported having been corporally punished at least one time, one of four forms of corporal punishment by teachers before age of 16 years, the four forms corporal punishment were non-contact corporal punishment, e.g., running for punishment, repeat-doing homework many times for punishment, standing for punishment, kneel down for punishment, not allowing to eat, sending outside in winter, etc. (53.4%), hitting/kicking/pushing very hard with open hands/fist/feet/other part of body (16.1%), beating with an object (10.2%), and locking in a small compartment/tying with rope (0.2%). No students reported having been choked, or burned/scalded, or stabbed with a sharp object by the teachers. Males had a significantly higher overall prevalence rate than females (66.4% vs. 46.6%, chi(2) = 21.01, P = 0.000). There was no statistically significant association between a history of childhood corporal punishment and the three other demographic indicators, which included residence region (rural and non-rural area) prior to 16 years of age, parental education level, and whether the respondent lived in a single or multiple children family. Compared with their peers who had not experienced childhood corporal punishment by teachers, the students with two or more forms of corporal punishments by teachers showed significantly higher scores (punished group vs. unpunished group) of psychological symptoms of somatization (0.78 vs. 0.42), obsessiveness (1.22 vs. 0.98), interpersonal sensitivity (1.24 vs. 0.89), depression (1.06 vs. 0.76), anxiety (0.90 vs. 0.64), hostility (1.11 vs. 0.68), paranoid ideation (1.11 vs. 0.71) and psychoticism (0.84 vs. 0.56), and showed significantly higher rates in sadness (54.7% vs. 26.3%), drunk (37.2% vs. 20.1%), involving in physical fighting (15.1% vs. 3.6%) in the past year and current smoking (36.0% vs. 14.5%).
The problem of corporal punishment by teachers is common in schools, and the problem has a significant correlation with youth mental health problems. The results highlighted urgent needs to increase public awareness on children rights, creating learning-friendly environment in school.
确定教师对学生实施体罚在儿童中的发生率，探讨其影响因素以及儿童期体罚与心理问题之间的关联。
2004年12月，采用自填式问卷对河北省一所高校和一所中专学校的528名学生进行匿名调查。本次调查使用的问卷主要包括：（1）一般人口学信息；（2）5种儿童期体罚形式，在本研究中，教师体罚案例定义为对16岁之前学校教师实施的儿童期体罚的5个问题中至少有一个回答为肯定的学生；（3）症状自评量表（SCL - 90）；（4）青少年危险行为。
总体而言，57.6%的学生报告至少受过一次体罚，即16岁之前教师实施的四种体罚形式之一，这四种体罚形式为非接触性体罚，如跑步受罚、多次重复做作业受罚、站立受罚、跪地受罚、不让吃饭、冬天赶出室外等（53.4%），用手/拳头/脚/身体其他部位用力击打/踢/推（16.1%），用物体殴打（10.2%），以及锁进小隔间/用绳子捆绑（0.2%）。没有学生报告曾被教师掐住、烫伤或被利器刺伤。男性的总体发生率显著高于女性（66.4%对46.6%，χ² = 21.01，P = 0.000）。儿童期体罚史与其他三项人口学指标之间无统计学显著关联，这三项指标包括16岁之前的居住地区（农村和非农村地区）、父母教育水平以及受访者是独生子女家庭还是多子女家庭。与未经历过教师儿童期体罚的同龄人相比，受过两种或更多种教师体罚形式的学生在躯体化（0.78对0.42）、强迫症状（1.22对0.98）人际关系敏感（1.24对0.89）、抑郁（1.06对0.76）、焦虑（0.90对0.64）、敌对（1.11对0.68）、偏执（1.11对0.71）和精神病性（0.84对0.56）等心理症状方面得分显著更高，并且在过去一年中悲伤（54.7%对26.3%）、醉酒（37.2%对20.1%）、参与肢体打斗（15.1%对3.6%）以及当前吸烟（36.0%对14.5%）的发生率也显著更高。
教师体罚问题在学校中普遍存在，且该问题与青少年心理健康问题显著相关。结果凸显了迫切需要提高公众对儿童权利的认识，在学校营造有利于学习的环境。
