Shimada Masaki
Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
Primates. 2006 Oct;47(4):342-9. doi: 10.1007/s10329-006-0187-7. Epub 2006 Apr 20.
Social object play (SOP), i.e., social play using portable object(s), among young Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata; 0-4 years old) in the Arashiyama E troop was studied using a modified sequence sampling method from July to October 2000. SOP was a relatively common activity for most of the young macaques and often continued for long periods. Participants used many kinds of object, including edible natural objects and artificial objects, such as plastic bottles, but they never used provisioned food or wild fruit in SOP bouts. An analysis of long bouts (>/=0.5 min) revealed the following interactive SOP features: (1) at any given time, participants used only one object, and only one participant held the object; (2) during SOP play-chasing, the object holder was likely to be chased by others; (3) during long bouts, the object changed hands frequently; and (4) agonistic competition for an object among young macaques was rare. Combinations of sexes, ages, relative ranks, or matrilines of the object holder and non-holder did not affect the tendency that the holder was chased by non-holder(s) during play-chasing. Even when there was a change in object holders, the repetitiveness of this interactive pattern, i.e., that the holder would be chased during SOP bouts, distinguished the SOP structure from that of other types of social play without object(s). General proximate social play mechanisms, such as self-handicapping or role taking, were associated with SOP. Other mechanisms that affected SOP included the following: (1) young macaques treated an object as a target in play competition, and (2) 'being the holder of a target object' was associated with the 'role of the chasee.'
2000年7月至10月，采用改良的序列抽样方法，对岚山E群中0至4岁的日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）的社会物体游戏（SOP），即使用便携式物体进行的社会游戏进行了研究。对于大多数年轻猕猴来说，SOP是一种相对常见的活动，并且常常会持续很长时间。参与者使用了多种物体，包括可食用的天然物体和人造物体，如塑料瓶，但在SOP回合中，它们从未使用过投喂的食物或野生水果。对长时间回合（≥0.5分钟）的分析揭示了以下交互式SOP特征：（1）在任何给定时间，参与者仅使用一个物体，且只有一名参与者持有该物体；（2）在SOP追逐游戏中，物体持有者很可能被其他猕猴追逐；（3）在长时间回合中，物体会频繁换手；（4）年轻猕猴之间为争夺物体而进行的激烈竞争很少见。物体持有者与非持有者的性别、年龄、相对等级或母系组合，并不影响在游戏追逐中持有者被非持有者追逐的倾向。即使物体持有者发生了变化，这种交互式模式的重复性，即在SOP回合中持有者会被追逐，也将SOP结构与其他无物体的社会游戏类型区分开来。一般的近因社会游戏机制，如自我设限或角色扮演，与SOP相关。影响SOP的其他机制包括：（1）年轻猕猴将物体视为游戏竞争中的目标；（2）“成为目标物体的持有者”与“被追逐者的角色”相关联。
