Jensen Keith, Hare Brian, Call Josep, Tomasello Michael
The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Proc Biol Sci. 2006 Apr 22;273(1589):1013-21. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3417.
Sensitivity to fairness may influence whether individuals choose to engage in acts that are mutually beneficial, selfish, altruistic, or spiteful. In a series of three experiments, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) could pull a rope to access out-of-reach food while concomitantly pulling another piece of food further away. In the first study, they could make a choice that solely benefited themselves (selfishness), or both themselves and another chimpanzee (mutualism). In the next two experiments, they could choose between providing food solely for another chimpanzee (altruism), or for neither while preventing the other chimpanzee from receiving a benefit (spite). The main result across all studies was that chimpanzees made their choices based solely on personal gain, with no regard for the outcomes of a conspecific. These results raise questions about the origins of human cooperative behaviour.
对公平的敏感度可能会影响个体是否选择参与互利、自私、利他或恶意的行为。在一系列三个实验中，黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）可以拉动绳子获取够不到的食物，同时将另一块食物拉得更远。在第一项研究中，它们可以做出仅使自己受益的选择（自私行为），或者使自己和另一只黑猩猩都受益的选择（互利行为）。在接下来的两项实验中，它们可以在仅为另一只黑猩猩提供食物（利他行为），或者两者都不提供食物同时阻止另一只黑猩猩获得益处（恶意行为）之间做出选择。所有研究的主要结果是，黑猩猩仅基于个人利益做出选择，而不考虑同种个体的结果。这些结果引发了关于人类合作行为起源的问题。
