Screening thermotolerant white-rot fungi for decolorization of wastewaters.

To select a thermotolerant fungal strain for decolorization of wastewaters, ligninolytic enzyme production (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase [MnP], and laccase), decolorization, and removal of total phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were detected. Thirty-eight fungal strains were studied for enzyme production at 35 and 43 degrees C on modified Kirk agar medium including 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and MnCl2. Thirteen strains grew on manganese-containing agar and provided green color on ABTS-containing agar plates under culture at 43 degrees C. Decolorization of wastewater from alcohol distillery (WAD) by these strains was compared under static culture at 43 degrees C, and Pycnoporus coccineus FPF 97091303 showed the highest potential. Thereafter, immobilized mycelia were compared with free mycelia for WAD decolorization under culture conditions of 43 degrees C and 100 rpm. The immobilized mycelia on polyurethane foam enhanced the ligninolytic enzyme production as well as total phenol and color removal. At about the same COD removal, MnP and laccase produced by immobilized mycelia were 2 and 19 times higher than by free mycelia; the simultaneous total phenol and color removal were 3.1 and 1.5 times higher than the latter. Moreover, decolorization of synthesis dye wastewater was carried out at 43 degrees C and 100 rpm. More than 80% of 300 mg/L of reactive blue-5 was decolorized by the immobilized mycelia within 1 to 2 d for four cycles.