Parkin modulates gene expression in control and ceramide-treated PC12 cells.

Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism as a result of the degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. In cell culture models, parkin expression has been shown to protect against cell death mediated by the sphingolipid ceramide. To determine whether the antiapoptotic effect of parkin involves changes in gene expression, we used Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays to analyse gene expression in stably transfected PC12 cells which conditionally overexpress parkin, that were treated or not with C2-ceramide. Overexpression of parkin and ceramide treatment both modulated gene expression. A number of the genes upregulated in the presence of ceramide, and modulated by parkin, were associated with apoptosis or cellular stress reactions. We validated the upregulation of four such genes (CHK, EIF4EBP1, GADD45A and PTPN-5) by real-time PCR after 3, 6, 9 and 12 h of ceramide treatment in cells that overexpressed parkin or not. All were upregulated 2 to 11-fold, 3 and 6 h after application of ceramide. Parkin overexpression reduced the upregulation of EIF4EBP1, GADD45A and PTPN-5, but only at 6 h. These results suggest that, in this assay, the cytoprotective effect of parkin might result not only from its E3-ligase activity, but also from direct or indirect modulation of gene expression in a time-dependent manner.