Blacher Jan, Neece Cameron L, Paczkowski Emilie
Graduate School of Education, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;18(5):507-13. doi: 10.1097/01.yco.0000179488.92885.e8.
This review includes recent research pertaining to family functioning when there is a child or adult offspring with intellectual disability. The purpose was to broaden the examination of families research from an adjustment/coping perspective to consideration of more contextual factors (environment, culture, service delivery).
Studies continue to focus on parental well being, with parents of children with intellectual disability still showing evidence of stress and depression. Increasing evidence is accruing, however, that child behavior problems or specific syndrome more directly relate to poorer parental well being. On the other hand, parenting behaviors also contribute to child behaviors, with studies highlighting the importance of parenting context and dynamics. Interventions focus on child behaviors as well as on stress reduction for parents. Finally, the continued involvement of parents across the lifespan of their young adult with intellectual disability is apparent from studies of quality of life and living arrangements.
The well being of family members continues to be an area of interest, with special emphasis on siblings and cultural context. Methodological rigor in families research also continues to increase, with diverse methodologies represented. There is still a need, however, for the development of theoretical models within which to frame future research on topics such as siblings, as well as both negative and positive impact on families.
本综述涵盖了近期有关家中有智力残疾儿童或成年子女时家庭功能的研究。目的是将家庭研究的考察范围从适应/应对视角拓宽至对更多背景因素（环境、文化、服务提供）的考量。
研究仍聚焦于父母的幸福感，智力残疾儿童的父母仍表现出压力和抑郁迹象。然而，越来越多的证据表明，儿童行为问题或特定综合征与父母幸福感较差有更直接的关联。另一方面，养育行为也会影响儿童行为，研究强调了养育环境和动态的重要性。干预措施既关注儿童行为，也注重减轻父母的压力。最后，从对生活质量和生活安排的研究中可以明显看出，父母在其患有智力残疾的成年子女的整个生命周期中都持续参与其中。
家庭成员的幸福感仍是一个受关注的领域，尤其强调兄弟姐妹和文化背景。家庭研究中的方法严谨性也在不断提高，呈现出多种方法。然而，仍需要开发理论模型，以便为未来关于兄弟姐妹等主题的研究以及对家庭的正负影响构建框架。
