Rinkevich F D, Zhang L, Hamm R L, Brady S G, Lazzaro B P, Scott J G
Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0901, USA.
Insect Mol Biol. 2006 Apr;15(2):157-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00620.x.
House flies were collected from four dairies in Maine, New York, North Carolina, and Florida, where high levels of resistance to permethrin have been documented. Regions of two genes, CYP6D1 and Vssc1, having alleles that confer resistance to permethrin (and other pyrethroids) were analysed from individuals at each collection site. The combinations of resistance alleles for Vssc1 and CYP6D1 were highly variable between each state. The resistance allele CYP6D1v1 was found at a high frequency (0.63-0.91) at all sites. Individuals homozygous susceptible for CYP6D1 were very rare and detected only at the dairy in Maine. In addition to the typical Vssc1 mutation responsible for resistance, kdr (L1014F), we also identified individuals with a L1014H mutation. Although house flies homozygous for the L1014H mutation had a lower level of resistance to permethrin, compared to L1014F, the H1014 resistance allele was frequently detected. No individuals with the super-kdr allele (M918T + L1014F) were detected from the field collections. The intron 3 bp downstream of the kdr mutation was found to be extremely variable, providing an opportunity to reconstruct a phylogeny of Vssc1 alleles. Based on this analysis it appears the kdr-his mutation had multiple evolutionary origins, but that the kdr mutation may have had a single origin. The impacts of these findings on resistance management are discussed.
家蝇采自缅因州、纽约州、北卡罗来纳州和佛罗里达州的四个奶牛场，这些地方已记录到家蝇对氯菊酯具有高度抗性。对来自每个采集地点的个体，分析了两个基因CYP6D1和Vssc1的区域，这些区域具有赋予对氯菊酯（及其他拟除虫菊酯）抗性的等位基因。Vssc1和CYP6D1抗性等位基因的组合在各州之间差异很大。抗性等位基因CYP6D1v1在所有地点都以高频率（0.63 - 0.91）被发现。CYP6D1纯合敏感个体非常罕见，仅在缅因州的奶牛场被检测到。除了导致抗性的典型Vssc1突变kdr（L1014F）外，我们还鉴定出具有L1014H突变的个体。尽管L1014H突变纯合的家蝇对氯菊酯的抗性水平低于L1014F，但H1014抗性等位基因经常被检测到。从野外采集样本中未检测到具有超级kdr等位基因（M918T + L1014F）的个体。发现kdr突变下游3 bp处的内含子极具变异性，这为重建Vssc1等位基因的系统发育提供了机会。基于此分析，似乎kdr - his突变有多个进化起源，但kdr突变可能只有一个起源。讨论了这些发现对抗性管理的影响。
