Rinkevich Frank D, Hamm Ronda L, Geden Christopher J, Scott Jeffrey G
Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901, USA.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Jun;37(6):550-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.02.013. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
The frequency of insecticide-resistance alleles for two genes (Vssc1 and CYP6D1) was studied in field collected populations of house flies from two different climates. While the frequency of these resistance alleles in flies at dairies from four states has recently been reported, there is no information on the relative change of these allele frequencies over time. House flies were collected during the 2003-2004 season from New York and Florida before the first application of permethrin, during the middle of the field season, after the final application, and again the following spring (following months without permethrin use). Bioassay results indicated that homozygous susceptible and extremely resistant flies were rare, while moderately and highly resistant individuals were relatively common at all times in both states. The frequency of resistance alleles at the New York dairy rose during the season and declined over the winter, suggesting an overwintering fitness cost associated with these alleles. The super-kdr allele was detected for the first time in North America at the end of 2003. In Florida the frequency of the resistance alleles did not increase during the spray season or decrease during the winter, suggesting there is substantial immigration of susceptible alleles to the Florida dairy and no overwintering fitness cost associated with resistance alleles in this climate. Resistance to permethrin correlated well with the frequency of the Vssc1 and CYP6D1 resistance alleles in flies from New York, but not as well in the population from Florida. This suggests there may be a new resistance mechanism or allele evolving in Florida.
对采自两种不同气候地区的家蝇野外种群中两个基因（Vssc1和CYP6D1）的抗杀虫剂等位基因频率进行了研究。虽然最近已有报道称四个州奶牛场家蝇中这些抗性等位基因的频率，但尚无关于这些等位基因频率随时间的相对变化情况的信息。2003 - 2004年期间，在纽约和佛罗里达州首次施用氯菊酯之前、田间季节中期、最后一次施用之后以及次年春季（在未使用氯菊酯的几个月之后）采集了家蝇。生物测定结果表明，纯合敏感和极抗性家蝇很少见，而中等抗性和高抗性个体在两个州任何时候都相对常见。纽约奶牛场抗性等位基因的频率在季节期间上升，在冬季下降，这表明与这些等位基因相关存在越冬适合度代价。2003年底在北美首次检测到超级抗性（super - kdr）等位基因。在佛罗里达州，抗性等位基因的频率在喷洒季节没有增加，在冬季也没有下降，这表明有大量敏感等位基因迁入佛罗里达州的奶牛场，并且在这种气候条件下与抗性等位基因相关不存在越冬适合度代价。氯菊酯抗性与纽约家蝇中Vssc1和CYP6D1抗性等位基因的频率相关性良好，但与佛罗里达州种群的相关性则没那么好。这表明在佛罗里达州可能正在进化出一种新的抗性机制或等位基因。
