Live vaccinia virus recombinants expressing herpes simplex virus genes.

Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing antigens from herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been tested as potential live virus vaccines for prevention of HSV infection. We describe three vaccinia virus/HSV recombinants. The first expresses the HSV-1 glycoprotein D (vaccinia/gD), the second expresses the HSV-1 glycoprotein B (vaccinia/gB), and the third expresses both the HSV-1 glycoprotein D and the influenza A hemagglutinin (vaccinia/HSVgD/influenza). Mice immunized with vaccinia/gD or vaccinia/gB developed antibodies capable of neutralizing HSV in vitro and were protected against both lethal and latent infection with HSV. Protection against HSV challenge persisted for greater than 1 year in mice immunized with vaccinia/gD. The immune response to HSV in mice immunized with vaccinia/gD could be increased by a booster vaccination with vaccinia/gD. However, the immune response to HSV was decreased in animals immunized with a vaccinia recombinant that expressed non-HSV genes before vaccination with vaccinia/gD. In separate experiments, a bivalent vaccinia recombinant, vaccinia/HSVgD/influenza, was constructed and was found to be comparable to the vaccinia/gD single recombinant in immunogenicity and protective efficacy against lethal HSV challenge. We conclude that vaccinia/HSV recombinants can provide protection against HSV infection in mice and that these recombinants may provide an alternative approach in the development of a live virus vaccine against HSV.