Furtado E F, Laucht M, Schmidt M H
Departamento de Neurologia, Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 May;39(5):659-69. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000500013. Epub 2006 Apr 20.
The objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the influence of paternal alcoholism on children's social-emotional development and to determine whether paternal alcoholism is associated with a greater number of externalizing symptoms in the male offspring. From the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of a high-risk population, the developmental data of 219 children [193 (95 boys and 98 girls) of non-alcoholic fathers, non-COAs, and 26 (14 boys, 12 girls) of alcoholic fathers, COAs] were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Paternal alcoholism was defined according to the ICD-10 categories of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Socio-demographic data, cognitive development, number and severity of behavior problems, and gender-related differences in the rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using standardized instruments (IQ tests, Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and diagnostic interviews). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant overall effect of paternal alcoholism on the number of child psychiatric problems (F = 21.872, d.f. = 1.217, P < 0.001). Beginning at age 2, significantly higher numbers of externalizing symptoms were observed among COAs. In female COAs, a pattern similar to that of the male COAs emerged, with the predominance of delinquent and aggressive behavior. Unlike male COAs, females showed an increase of internalizing symptoms up to age 11 years. Of these, somatic complaints revealed the strongest discriminating effect in 11-year-old females. Children of alcoholic fathers are at high risk for psychopathology. Gender-related differences seem to exist and may contribute to different phenotypes during development from early childhood to adolescence.
本研究的目的是考察父亲酗酒对儿童社会情感发展影响中的性别差异，并确定父亲酗酒是否与男性后代中更多的外化症状相关。从曼海姆高危儿童研究（一项对高危人群进行的正在进行的纵向研究）中，分析了219名儿童从出生到11岁的发育数据[193名（95名男孩和98名女孩）父亲不酗酒的儿童，非患酒精相关障碍者，以及26名（14名男孩，12名女孩）父亲酗酒的儿童，患酒精相关障碍者]。父亲酗酒是根据国际疾病分类第10版中酒精依赖和有害使用的类别来定义的。使用标准化工具（智商测试、儿童行为清单问卷和诊断访谈）评估社会人口统计学数据、认知发展、行为问题的数量和严重程度，以及外化和内化症状发生率中的性别相关差异。一般线性模型分析显示，父亲酗酒对儿童精神问题数量有显著的总体影响（F = 21.872，自由度 = 1.217，P < 0.001）。从2岁开始，在患酒精相关障碍者中观察到显著更多的外化症状。在女性患酒精相关障碍者中，出现了与男性患酒精相关障碍者相似的模式，以违法和攻击行为为主。与男性患酒精相关障碍者不同，女性在11岁前内化症状有所增加。其中，躯体主诉在11岁女性中显示出最强的区分作用。父亲酗酒的儿童患精神病理学的风险很高。似乎存在性别相关差异，并且可能在从幼儿期到青春期的发育过程中导致不同的表型。
