Bachner-Melman Rachel, Zohar Ada H, Ebstein Richard P, Elizur Yoel, Constantini Naama
Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Apr;38(4):628-36. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210188.70295.c0.
We tested the hypothesis that aesthetic athletes (AA) have anorexic-like eating attitudes and behaviors, share personality characteristics such as perfectionism and obsessiveness, and are at high risk of eating disorders.
We compared symptomatology, personality variables typical of anorexia nervosa, and lifetime eating disorder prevalence across four groups of Israeli women: 31 anorexics, 111 AA (mostly dancers), 68 nonaesthetic athletes (NAA), and 248 controls. All participants completed self-report measures of symptomatology, harm avoidance, perfectionism, obsessiveness, self-esteem, and self-rated facial attractiveness and were screened for eating disorders. Those screening positively were interviewed and diagnosed using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV.
Scores of the anorexic women differed from those of the three other groups in the expected direction on all variables. NAA scored similarly to controls, but had greater body satisfaction and less drive for thinness. Surprisingly, the AA did not differ from control women on any self-report measure. However, significantly more AA (11.7%) than NAA (5.8%) and controls (4.4%) had a lifetime diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The eating attitudes and behavior of the 13 AA with a lifetime history of EDNOS fell intermediately between the anorexic women and the controls, whereas their personality profile resembled that of controls.
Being a nonaesthetic female athlete in Israel appears to promote body esteem and offer some protection from a preoccupation with dieting. AA also appear to enjoy excellent psychological health; however, a subgroup has EDNOS and appears not to receive appropriate treatment for it. These results lend credibility to the existence of the diagnostic entity of anorexia athletica, proposed to be a subclinical, environmentally influenced eating disorder with a favorable prognosis.
我们检验了以下假设，即从事审美运动的运动员（AA）具有类似厌食症的饮食态度和行为，具有完美主义和强迫性等人格特征，并且有患饮食失调症的高风险。
我们比较了四组以色列女性在症状学、神经性厌食症典型的人格变量以及终生饮食失调患病率方面的情况：31名厌食症患者、111名从事审美运动的运动员（大多为舞者）、68名非审美运动的运动员（NAA）以及248名对照组。所有参与者均完成了关于症状学、避免伤害、完美主义、强迫性、自尊以及自我评定的面部吸引力的自我报告测量，并接受了饮食失调症筛查。对筛查呈阳性的参与者使用《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版的结构化临床访谈进行访谈和诊断。
在所有变量上，厌食症女性的得分在预期方向上与其他三组不同。非审美运动的运动员得分与对照组相似，但身体满意度更高，对瘦身的渴望更低。令人惊讶的是，从事审美运动的运动员在任何自我报告测量上与对照女性均无差异。然而，终生诊断为未另行规定的饮食失调症（EDNOS）的从事审美运动的运动员（11.7%）显著多于非审美运动的运动员（5.8%）和对照组（4.4%）。有终生EDNOS病史的13名从事审美运动的运动员的饮食态度和行为处于厌食症女性和对照组之间，而他们的人格特征与对照组相似。
在以色列，作为一名非审美运动的女性运动员似乎能提升身体自尊，并在一定程度上防止过度关注节食。从事审美运动的运动员似乎也拥有良好的心理健康；然而，有一个亚组患有EDNOS，且似乎未得到适当治疗。这些结果为运动性厌食症这一诊断实体的存在提供了可信度，运动性厌食症被认为是一种具有良好预后的亚临床、受环境影响的饮食失调症。
