Laparoscopic approach to common duct pathology.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has revolutionized the surgical approach to gallbladder pathology. Since it was first introduced in France in 1987, and then subsequently in the United States in 1988, thousands of operations have been performed successfully. Less frequently, laparoscopic evaluation of the biliary ductal system, either by cholangiography or choledochoscopy, has been performed. Laparoscopic common duct exploration presents the next challenge for the biliary tract surgeon. This article reviews the author's early experience with laparoscopic biliary ductal evaluation, choledochoscopy, and removal of common duct stones. A suggested approach to ductal pathology is proposed.