Crosa G, Froebrich J, Nikolayenko V, Stefani F, Galli P, Calamari D
Department of Biotechnologies and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
Water Res. 2006 Jun;40(11):2237-45. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.004. Epub 2006 May 22.
Although the use of the water resources in Uzbekistan is strongly limited by their quality, it has to be noted that there is a lack of information and data within the international scientific literature with regard to the water chemical characteristics of the Amu Darya River, one of the main water resources in Central Asia. To add to such knowledge, this paper examines the spatial and temporal variation of the water quality of the Amu Darya River in order to assess its degree of degradation and the main causal factors. The functional relationships of the pollutants with respect to the flow regime are investigated. Finally an "opportune temporal window" for water withdrawal for filling the reservoirs, in relation to human consumption, will be indicated. The high salinization levels of the waters are mainly due to the presence of sulphates and chlorine. At the up-stream site salinity, although presenting elevated concentrations, does not exceed palatability levels; after the 450 km point the opportune temporal window for water withdrawal with acceptable salinity values is reduced to the period from May to September. Two main driving forces govern the temporal variation of the salinity of the Amu Darya water: a low drainage density of the area which limits the salt loads induced by the natural runoff processes, and snow and glacier melting in the upper catchment area which promotes dilution of the dissolved salts during the high-flow period. During low-flow periods salinity is strongly influenced by the return of waters used for land washing and irrigation.
尽管乌兹别克斯坦水资源的使用受到其水质的严重限制，但必须指出的是，国际科学文献中缺乏关于中亚主要水资源之一阿姆河的水化学特征的信息和数据。为了增加这方面的知识，本文研究了阿姆河水质的时空变化，以评估其退化程度和主要成因。研究了污染物与水流状态之间的函数关系。最后，将指出与人类消费相关的用于水库蓄水的取水“适宜时间窗口”。水体的高盐化水平主要归因于硫酸盐和氯的存在。在上游站点，盐度虽呈现出较高浓度，但未超过适口性水平；在450公里处之后，具有可接受盐度值的取水适宜时间窗口缩短至5月至9月期间。有两个主要驱动力控制着阿姆河水盐度的时间变化：该地区排水密度低，限制了自然径流过程引起的盐分负荷；上游集水区的冰雪融化，在高流量期促进了溶解盐的稀释。在低流量期，盐度受到用于土地冲洗和灌溉的水回流的强烈影响。
