Medical evaluation and treatment of urolithiasis.

Nephrolithiasis is responsible for 1 in 1000 to 1 in 7600 pediatric hospital admissions annually throughout the United States. Seventy-five percent of children with nephrolithiasis have an identifiable predisposition to stone formation. This article reviews the different causes and disease states associated with nephrolithiasis in the pediatric population. The initial evaluation and the metabolic evaluation of children with nephrolithiasis are reviewed. Treatment modalities for the different stone types are also described.