Alomary A, Al-Momani I F, Massadeh A M
Department of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Oct 1;369(1-3):69-75. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.023. Epub 2006 Jun 5.
The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in human teeth and to investigate the affecting factors. Teeth samples (n = 268) were collected from people living in different cities in Jordan including Amman, Zarqa, Al-Mafraq and Irbid and analyzed for Pb and Cd using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). A questionnaire was used to gather information on each person, such as age, sex, place where the patient lives, smoking, presence of amalgam fillings inside the mouth, and whether the patient uses toothpaste or not. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 28.91 microg/g and 0.44 microg/g, respectively. The results indicate that there is a clear relation between Pb and Cd concentrations and the presence of amalgam fillings, smoking, and place of living. Pb was sex-dependent, whereas Cd was not. Our results show that Pb and Cd concentrations in samples obtained from Al-Mafraq and Irbid are higher than those obtained from Amman and Zarqa. Pb was highest in Mafraq, whereas Cd was highest in Irbid. The Pb and Cd concentrations in teeth from smokers (means: Pb = 31.89 microg/g, Cd = 0.49 microg/g) were significantly higher than those from nonsmokers (means: Pb = 24.07 microg/g, Cd = 0.37 microg/g). Pb and Cd concentrations in teeth of patients with amalgam fillings (means: Pb = 31.02 microg/g and Cd = 0.52 microg/g) were significantly higher than those from patients without amalgam fillings (means: Pb = 26.87 microg/g and Cd = 0.41 microg/g). Our results show that brushing the teeth daily with toothpaste does not significantly decrease the concentration of both Pb and Cd. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd do not vary significantly between the ages 20-30, 31-40, and 41-50, but both increased rapidly at age 51-60.
本研究的目的是测量人牙齿中铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）的浓度，并调查影响因素。从约旦不同城市（包括安曼、扎尔卡、马夫拉克和伊尔比德）的居民中收集了牙齿样本（n = 268），并使用原子吸收光谱法（AAS）分析其中的铅和镉。通过问卷调查收集每个人的信息，如年龄、性别、患者居住地点、吸烟情况、口腔内是否有汞合金填充物以及患者是否使用牙膏。铅和镉的平均浓度分别为28.91微克/克和0.44微克/克。结果表明，铅和镉的浓度与汞合金填充物的存在、吸烟情况和居住地点之间存在明显关系。铅与性别有关，而镉与性别无关。我们的结果表明，从马夫拉克和伊尔比德获得的样本中铅和镉的浓度高于从安曼和扎尔卡获得的样本。马夫拉克的铅含量最高，而伊尔比德的镉含量最高。吸烟者牙齿中的铅和镉浓度（平均值：铅 = 31.89微克/克，镉 = 0.49微克/克）显著高于不吸烟者（平均值：铅 = 24.07微克/克，镉 = 0.37微克/克）。有汞合金填充物患者牙齿中的铅和镉浓度（平均值：铅 = 31.02微克/克，镉 = 0.52微克/克）显著高于无汞合金填充物患者（平均值：铅 = 26.87微克/克，镉 = 0.41微克/克）。我们的结果表明，每天用牙膏刷牙并不会显著降低铅和镉的浓度。20 - 30岁、31 - 40岁和41 - 50岁之间铅和镉的平均浓度没有显著差异，但在51 - 60岁时两者均迅速增加。
