Cuevas Haydee M, Fiore Stephen M, Caldwell Barrett S, Strater Laura
SA Technologies, 13863 Countryplace Dr., Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007 May;78(5 Suppl):B63-70.
There is a growing reliance on automation (e.g., intelligent agents, semi-autonomous robotic systems) to effectively execute increasingly cognitively complex tasks. Successful team performance for such tasks has become even more dependent on team cognition, addressing both human-human and human-automation teams. Team cognition can be viewed as the binding mechanism that produces coordinated behavior within experienced teams, emerging from the interplay between each team member's individual cognition and team process behaviors (e.g., coordination, communication). In order to better understand team cognition in human-automation teams, team performance models need to address issues surrounding the effect of human-agent and human-robot interaction on critical team processes such as coordination and communication. Toward this end, we present a preliminary theoretical framework illustrating how the design and implementation of automation technology may influence team cognition and team coordination in complex operational environments. Integrating constructs from organizational and cognitive science, our proposed framework outlines how information exchange and updating between humans and automation technology may affect lower-level (e.g., working memory) and higher-level (e.g., sense making) cognitive processes as well as teams' higher-order "metacognitive" processes (e.g., performance monitoring). Issues surrounding human-automation interaction are discussed and implications are presented within the context of designing automation technology to improve task performance in human-automation teams.
人们越来越依赖自动化技术（如智能代理、半自动机器人系统）来有效执行认知复杂度日益增加的任务。对于此类任务而言，成功的团队表现变得更加依赖团队认知，这涉及人与人团队以及人机团队。团队认知可被视为一种约束机制，它能在经验丰富的团队中产生协调一致的行为，源自每个团队成员的个体认知与团队过程行为（如协调、沟通）之间的相互作用。为了更好地理解人机团队中的团队认知，团队绩效模型需要解决围绕人机交互和人机互动对协调与沟通等关键团队过程的影响的问题。为此，我们提出一个初步的理论框架，阐述自动化技术的设计与实施如何在复杂操作环境中影响团队认知和团队协调。整合组织科学和认知科学的概念，我们提出的框架概述了人与自动化技术之间的信息交换和更新如何影响较低层次（如工作记忆）和较高层次（如意义建构）的认知过程以及团队的高阶“元认知”过程（如绩效监测）。我们讨论了围绕人机交互的问题，并在设计自动化技术以提高人机团队任务绩效的背景下提出了相关启示。
