Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis.

: 1. After 50 years of antipsychotic drug development focused on the dopamine D2 receptor, schizophrenia remains a chronic, disabling disorder for most affected individuals. 2. Studies over the last decade demonstrate that administration of low doses of NMDA receptor antagonists can cause in normal subjects the negative symptoms, cognitive impairments and physiologic disturbances observed in schizophrenia. 3. Furthermore, a number of recently identified risk genes for schizophrenia affect NMDA receptor function or glutamatergic neurotransmission. 4. Placebo-controlled trials with agents that directly or indirectly activate the glycine modulatory site on the NMDA receptor have shown reduction in negative symptoms, improvement in cognition and in some cases reduction in positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients receiving concurrent antipsychotic medications. 5. Thus, hypofunction of the NMDA receptor, possibly on critical GABAergic inter-neurons, may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.