Reimann Clemens, Arnoldussen Arnold, Boyd Rognvald, Finne Tor Erik, Nordgulen Oystein, Volden Tore, Englmaier Peter
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Oct 1;369(1-3):419-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.026. Epub 2006 Jun 15.
Forty terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens) samples were collected along a 120-km-long south-north transect running through Norway's largest city Oslo. Concentrations of 29 chemical elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Sr, Th, Ti, and Zn) and values for loss on ignition (475 degrees C) are reported. Silver (Ag), Al, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Th, Ti, and Zn all show a characteristic Oslo peak when element concentrations are plotted against location of the sample site along the transect. Gold (Au) and Pt show the greatest relative enrichment of all elements in the city (ca. 10x "background"). Titanium (Ti), which is related to local minerogenic dust rather than anthropogenic emissions, shows a significant peak in Oslo. Loss on ignition, a measure of the amount of organic material in a sample, shows a negative peak in Oslo and at sites close to a known dust source. Input of fine dust thus appears to dominate many of the observed element concentrations in moss. The concentrations of Na are clearly influenced by the input of marine aerosols and show decreasing concentrations from south (near Oslo Fjord) to north (inland). The major plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and S, as well as Hg, are the few elements displaying no spatial dependency along the transect. Element concentrations reach background variation levels at a distance of 20-40 km from the city centre.
沿着一条贯穿挪威最大城市奥斯陆、长达120公里的南北向样带，采集了40个陆生苔藓（华丽塔藓）样本。报告了29种化学元素（银、铝、金、钡、铋、钙、镉、钴、铬、铜、铁、汞、钾、镧、镁、锰、钼、钠、镍、磷、铅、铂、硫、锑、锶、钍、钛和锌）的浓度以及灼烧减量（475摄氏度）的值。当将元素浓度相对于样带沿线样本点的位置作图时，银（Ag）、铝、金、铋、镉、钴、铬、铜、铁、钼、镍、铅、铂、锑、钍、钛和锌均呈现出典型的奥斯陆峰值。金（Au）和铂在该市所有元素中相对富集程度最高（约为“背景值”的10倍）。与当地成矿粉尘而非人为排放有关的钛（Ti）在奥斯陆呈现出显著峰值。灼烧减量是衡量样本中有机物质含量的指标，在奥斯陆以及靠近已知粉尘源的地点呈现出负峰值。因此，细粉尘的输入似乎主导了苔藓中许多观测到的元素浓度。钠的浓度明显受到海洋气溶胶输入的影响，从南部（靠近奥斯陆峡湾）到北部（内陆）浓度逐渐降低。主要植物养分钙、钾、镁、磷和硫以及汞是沿样带未显示出空间依赖性的少数元素。元素浓度在距离市中心20 - 40公里处达到背景变化水平。
