Seidler R D, Noll D C, Chintalapati P
Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA.
Exp Brain Res. 2006 Nov;175(3):544-55. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0571-y. Epub 2006 Jun 23.
Sensorimotor adaptation tasks can be classified into two types. When subjects adapt movements to visual feedback perturbations such as in prism lens adaptation, they perform kinematic adaptations. When subjects adapt movements to force field perturbations such as with robotic manipulanda, they perform kinetic adaptations. Neuroimaging studies have shown basal ganglia involvement in kinetic adaptations, but have found little evidence of basal ganglia involvement in kinematic adaptations, despite reports of deficits in patients with diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, in these. In an effort to resolve such apparent discrepancy, we used FMRI to focus on the first few minutes of practice during kinematic adaptation. Human subjects adapted to visuomotor rotations in the context of a joystick aiming task while lying supine in a 3.0 T MRI scanner. As demonstrated previously, early adaptive processes were associated with BOLD activation in the cerebellum and the sensory and motor cortical regions. A novel finding of this study was bilateral basal ganglia activation. This suggests that, at least for early learning, the neural correlates of kinematic adaptation parallel those of other types of skill learning. We observed activation in the right globus pallidus and putamen, along with the right prefrontal, premotor and parietal cortex, which may support spatial cognitive processes of adaptation. We also observed activation in the left globus pallidus and caudate nucleus, along with the left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, which may support the sensorimotor processes of adaptation. These results are the first to demonstrate a clear involvement of basal ganglia activation in this type of kinematic motor adaptation.
感觉运动适应任务可分为两种类型。当受试者使运动适应视觉反馈扰动时，如在棱镜适应实验中，他们会进行运动学适应。当受试者使运动适应力场扰动时，如使用机器人操作器时，他们会进行动力学适应。神经影像学研究表明基底神经节参与动力学适应，但几乎没有发现基底神经节参与运动学适应的证据，尽管有报道称基底神经节疾病（如帕金森病和亨廷顿舞蹈病）患者在这些运动学适应任务中存在缺陷。为了解决这种明显的差异，我们使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）来关注运动学适应过程中练习的最初几分钟。人类受试者在3.0T磁共振成像扫描仪中仰卧时，在操纵杆瞄准任务中适应视觉运动旋转。如先前所示，早期适应过程与小脑以及感觉和运动皮层区域的血氧水平依赖（BOLD）激活有关。本研究的一个新发现是双侧基底神经节激活。这表明，至少在早期学习中，运动学适应的神经关联与其他类型的技能学习相似。我们观察到右侧苍白球和壳核激活，同时右侧前额叶、运动前区和顶叶皮层也被激活，这可能支持适应的空间认知过程。我们还观察到左侧苍白球和尾状核激活，同时左侧运动前区和辅助运动皮层也被激活，这可能支持适应的感觉运动过程。这些结果首次证明基底神经节激活明显参与了这种类型的运动学运动适应。
