Alves Christelle, Chichery Raymond, Boal Jean Geary, Dickel Ludovic
Laboratoire de Physiologie du Comportement des Céphalopodes, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen cedex, France.
Anim Cogn. 2007 Jan;10(1):29-36. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0027-6. Epub 2006 Jun 21.
Several studies have demonstrated that mammals, birds and fish use comparable spatial learning strategies. Unfortunately, except in insects, few studies have investigated spatial learning mechanisms in invertebrates. Our study aimed to identify the strategies used by cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) to solve a spatial task commonly used with vertebrates. A new spatial learning procedure using a T-maze was designed. In this maze, the cuttlefish learned how to enter a dark and sandy compartment. A preliminary test confirmed that individual cuttlefish showed an untrained side-turning preference (preference for turning right or left) in the T-maze. This preference could be reliably detected in a single probe trial. In the following two experiments, each individual was trained to enter the compartment opposite to its side-turning preference. In Experiment 1, distal visual cues were provided around the maze. In Experiment 2, the T-maze was surrounded by curtains and two proximal visual cues were provided above the apparatus. In both experiments, after acquisition, strategies used by cuttlefish to orient in the T-maze were tested by creating a conflict between the formerly rewarded algorithmic behaviour (turn, response learning) and the visual cues identifying the goal (place learning). Most cuttlefish relied on response learning in Experiment 1; the two strategies were used equally often in Experiment 2. In these experiments, the salience of cues provided during the experiment determined whether cuttlefish used response or place learning to solve this spatial task. Our study demonstrates for the first time the presence of multiple spatial strategies in cuttlefish that appear to closely parallel those described in vertebrates.
多项研究表明，哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类使用类似的空间学习策略。不幸的是，除了昆虫外，很少有研究调查无脊椎动物的空间学习机制。我们的研究旨在确定乌贼（Sepia officinalis）用于解决脊椎动物常用的空间任务的策略。设计了一种使用T型迷宫的新空间学习程序。在这个迷宫中，乌贼学会了如何进入一个黑暗且布满沙子的隔间。一项初步测试证实，单个乌贼在T型迷宫中表现出未经训练的侧转偏好（向右或向左转弯的偏好）。这种偏好在单次探测试验中能够可靠地检测到。在接下来的两个实验中，每个个体都被训练进入与其侧转偏好相反的隔间。在实验1中，在迷宫周围提供远处的视觉线索。在实验2中，T型迷宫被帘子包围，并且在装置上方提供两个近处的视觉线索。在两个实验中，习得后，通过在先前奖励的算法行为（转弯、反应学习）和识别目标的视觉线索（位置学习）之间制造冲突，测试乌贼在T型迷宫中定向所使用的策略。在实验1中，大多数乌贼依赖反应学习；在实验2中，两种策略使用的频率相同。在这些实验中，实验期间提供的线索的显著性决定了乌贼是使用反应学习还是位置学习来解决这个空间任务。我们的研究首次证明乌贼中存在多种空间策略，这些策略似乎与脊椎动物中描述的策略非常相似。
