Karson Miranda A, Jean Geary Boal, Hanlon Roger T
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 2003 Jun;117(2):149-55. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.117.2.149.
Laboratory mazes were used to study spatial-learning capabilities in cuttlefish (Sepia offcinalis), using escape for reinforcement. In preliminary observations, cuttlefish in an artificial pond moved actively around the environment and appeared to learn about features of their environment. In laboratory experiments, cuttlefish exited a simple alley maze more quickly with experience and retained the learned information. Similar improvement was not found in open-field mazes or T mazes, perhaps because of motor problems. Cuttlefish learned to exit a maze that required them to find openings in a vertical wall. The wall maze was modified to an arena, and simultaneous discrimination learning and reversal learning were demonstrated. These experiments indicate that cuttlefish improve performance over serial reversals of a simultaneous, visual-spatial discrimination problem.
利用迷宫实验研究了乌贼（Sepia offcinalis）的空间学习能力，以逃脱作为强化手段。在初步观察中，处于人工池塘中的乌贼会在环境中积极游动，似乎能了解其环境特征。在实验室实验中，乌贼随着经验的积累能更快地走出简单的小巷迷宫，并记住所学信息。在旷场迷宫或T形迷宫中未发现类似的改善，可能是由于运动问题。乌贼学会了走出一个要求它们在垂直壁上找到开口的迷宫。该壁式迷宫被改造成一个竞技场，并展示了同时辨别学习和逆向学习。这些实验表明，乌贼在同时进行的视觉空间辨别问题的连续逆转中提高了表现。
