University of Minnesota.
J Appl Behav Anal. 1969 Winter;2(4):265-76. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1969.2-265.
The speech disfluencies of five normal-speaking college students were modified in a series of 10 to 17 sessions by means of response cost. During Point-loss, each disfluency (repetition or interjection of a sound, syllable, word, etc.) resulted in the loss of a penny, as indicated on a screen in front of the subject. Disfluencies were suppressed and kept at very low levels for four of the subjects during the punishment procedures, and there was general resistance to extinction. Even though points were subtracted only during speech, there was a tendency for disfluencies to decrease, though not as markedly, during reading probes as well.
通过代价反应，对五名正常说话的大学生的言语不流畅进行了一系列 10 到 17 次的修正。在扣分期间，屏幕上会显示出每个不流畅（重复或插入一个声音、音节、单词等）会导致失去一便士。在惩罚程序中，有四个被试者的不流畅性被抑制并保持在非常低的水平，并且普遍存在对消退的抵制。即使只有在说话时扣分，不流畅性也有下降的趋势，尽管在阅读探测时不那么明显。
