University of Georgia.
J Appl Behav Anal. 1978 Winter;11(4):513-21. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1978.11-513.
The cueing effects of interviewer praise contingent on a target behavior and expectation of behavior change were examined with six observers. Experiment I investigated the effect of cues in conjunction with expectation. Experiment II assessed the relative contributions of cues and expectation, and Experiment III examined the effect of cues in the absence of expectation. The frequencies of two behaviors, client eye contact and face touching, were held constant throughout a series of videotaped interviews between an "interviewer" and a "client". A within-subjects design was used in each experiment. During baseline conditions, praise did not follow eye contact by the client on the videotape. In all experimental conditions, praise statements from the interviewer followed each occurrence of eye contact with an equal number of praises delivered at random times when there was no eye contact. Three of the six observers dramatically increased their recordings of eye contact during the first experimental phase, but these increases were not replicated in a second praise condition. There were no systematic changes in recorded face touching. Witnessing the delivery of consequences, rather than expectation seemed to be responsible for the effect. This potential threat to the internal validity of studies using observational data may go undetected by interobserver agreement checks.
考察了基于目标行为和行为改变预期的面试官表扬的提示效应，有六位观察者参与了研究。实验一研究了提示与预期的结合效应。实验二评估了提示和预期的相对贡献，实验三则考察了在没有预期的情况下提示的效果。在一系列“面试官”和“客户”之间的录像访谈中，客户的眼神接触和面部触摸这两种行为的频率保持不变。每个实验都采用了被试内设计。在基线条件下，录像中的客户没有眼神接触，因此面试官没有表扬。在所有实验条件下，当客户有眼神接触时，面试官的表扬话语会紧随其后，而当没有眼神接触时，也会有等量的表扬话语随机出现。在第一实验阶段，有三位观察者的眼神接触记录显著增加，但在第二种表扬条件下，这种增加并未得到复制。面部触摸的记录没有系统变化。见证后果的呈现，而不是预期，似乎是这种效应的原因。使用观察数据的研究中，这种潜在的对内部有效性的威胁可能会被忽视，因为观察者间的一致性检查并不能发现它。
