Expanding role of MR angiography in clinical practice.

MRA has higher accuracy, less operator dependence, a larger field-of-view, three-dimensionality and superior contrast resolution than ultrasonography. Additionally, MRA offers a safer alternative to the patient than CTA as neither ionizing radiation nor iodinated contrast agents are used. Contrast-enhanced MRA with extra cellular contrast agents is fast and flow-independent, offers substantially higher spatial and temporal resolution compared to non-contrast techniques and has become the standard of practice. The highly accurate but static anatomical road-map thus generated can be supplemented with time-resolved MRA and blood flow measurement techniques for a more comprehensive assessment of systemic vascular disease. In the context of burgeoning technological advances with rapid translation into clinical MRA practice, this review explores the current position of MRA and the potential role for the new and exciting blood-pool contrast agents for diagnosing and characterizing vascular disease. Blood-pool agents offer the potential to take MRA to the next level by combining first-pass arterial phase imaging with steady state high-resolution images that exploit the persistent high intravascular enhancement generated by blood-pool agents and which is significantly greater than with extra cellular agents. Additional benefits derive from the ability to characterize plaque and to detect internal bleeding. These advantages place MRA in a prime position to comprehensively and non-invasively evaluate both vascular anatomy and function with anticipated further expansion into more and more clinical applications.