Griffiths R R, Richards W A, McCann U, Jesse R
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Aug;187(3):268-83; discussion 284-92. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
Although psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes, little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects.
This double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable, supportive conditions.
The participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities. Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals. Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (40 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order. To obscure the study design, six additional volunteers received methylphenidate in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session. The 8-h sessions were conducted individually. Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. Study monitors rated volunteers' behavior during sessions. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions. Community observers rated changes in the volunteer's attitudes and behavior.
Psilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes, subjective experiences, and labile moods including anxiety. Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience. At 2 months, the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers.
When administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences. The ability to occasion such experiences prospectively will allow rigorous scientific investigations of their causes and consequences.
尽管裸盖菇素几个世纪以来一直被用于宗教目的，但从科学角度对其急性和持续性影响知之甚少。
本双盲研究评估了在舒适、支持性条件下给予高剂量裸盖菇素相对于对照化合物的急性和长期心理影响。
参与者为初次使用致幻剂的成年人，他们报告定期参加宗教或精神活动。每隔2个月进行两到三次疗程。30名志愿者以平衡顺序口服裸盖菇素（30毫克/70千克）和盐酸哌甲酯（40毫克/70千克）。为了掩盖研究设计，另外6名志愿者在前两个疗程中服用哌甲酯，在第三个疗程中服用未设盲的裸盖菇素。8小时的疗程单独进行。鼓励志愿者闭上眼睛并将注意力转向内心。研究监测人员在疗程中对志愿者的行为进行评分。志愿者在疗程结束后立即以及2个月后完成评估药物效果和神秘体验的问卷。社区观察员对志愿者的态度和行为变化进行评分。
裸盖菇素产生了一系列急性感知变化、主观体验和不稳定情绪，包括焦虑。裸盖菇素还增加了神秘体验的指标。在2个月时，志愿者将裸盖菇素体验评为具有重大的个人意义和精神意义，并将态度和行为的持续积极变化归因于该体验，这与社区观察员评定的变化一致。
在支持性条件下给药时，裸盖菇素引发的体验类似于自发出现的神秘体验。前瞻性地引发此类体验的能力将使对其原因和后果进行严格的科学研究成为可能。
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