Craun Michael F, Craun Gunther F, Calderon Rebecca L, Beach Michael J
Gunther F. Craun & Associates, 101 West Frederick Street, Suite 207, Staunton, VA 24401, USA.
J Water Health. 2006;4 Suppl 2:19-30. doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.016.
Epidemic waterborne risks are discussed in this paper. Although the true incidence of waterborne illness is not reflected in the currently reported outbreak statistics, outbreak surveillance has provided information about the important waterborne pathogens, relative degrees of risk associated with water sources and treatment processes, and adequacy of regulations. Pathogens and water system deficiencies that are identified in outbreaks may also be important causes of endemic waterborne illness. In recent years, investigators have identified a large number of pathogens responsible for outbreaks, and research has focused on their sources, resistance to water disinfection, and removal from drinking water. Outbreaks in surface water systems have decreased in the recent decade, most likely due to recent regulations and improved treatment efficacy. Of increased importance, however, are outbreaks caused by the microbial contamination of water distribution systems. In order to better estimate waterborne risks in the United States, additional information is needed about the contribution of distribution system contaminants to endemic waterborne risks and undetected waterborne outbreaks, especially those associated with distribution system contaminants.
本文讨论了经水传播的流行风险。虽然目前报告的疫情统计数据并未反映出水传播疾病的真实发病率，但疫情监测提供了有关重要水传播病原体、与水源和处理过程相关的相对风险程度以及法规充分性的信息。疫情中发现的病原体和水系统缺陷也可能是地方性水传播疾病的重要原因。近年来，研究人员已经确定了大量导致疫情的病原体，并且研究集中在它们的来源、对水消毒的抗性以及从饮用水中去除的方法。近十年来，地表水系统中的疫情有所减少，这很可能是由于近期的法规和提高的处理效果。然而，越来越重要的是由配水系统微生物污染引起的疫情。为了更好地估计美国的水传播风险，需要更多关于配水系统污染物对地方性水传播风险和未检测到的水传播疫情（特别是与配水系统污染物相关的疫情）的贡献的信息。
