Carroll Scott P
Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Genetica. 2007 Feb;129(2):193-204. doi: 10.1007/s10709-006-9014-8. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Classical examples indicated rapid evolution to be both rare and largely anthropogenic. As the pace and scale of human disturbance increase, such evolution is becoming more the norm. Genetically based adaptation may underlie successful biological invasions, and may likewise characterize responses in natives to invasives. Recent published studies confirm that natives are adapting morphologically, behaviorally, physiologically and life historically to selection from invasive species. Some of the processes involved are evident in our studies of recent host shifts to invasive plants by native soapberry bugs in North America and Australia. On both continents populations have differentiated extensively in fitness traits. Genetic architecture of these adaptations involves a surprising degree of non-additive variation (epistasis, dominance), a result that in theory may reflect a history of colonization by a small number of individuals followed by population growth. Such "founder-flush" events may unleash extraordinary evolutionary potential, and their importance will be clarified as more studies take advantage of the accidental perturbation experiments that biotic invasions represent. From a conservation standpoint, rapid evolution in natives will present challenges for ecologically appropriate and sustainable management, but at the same time may enhance the capacity of the native community to act in the biological control of invasive species.
经典例子表明，快速进化既罕见又主要是人为造成的。随着人类干扰的速度和规模增加，这种进化正变得越来越普遍。基于基因的适应可能是生物入侵成功的基础，同样也可能是本地物种对入侵物种反应的特征。最近发表的研究证实，本地物种正在从形态、行为、生理和生活史等方面适应来自入侵物种的选择。我们对北美和澳大利亚本地皂荚虫最近向入侵植物宿主转移的研究中，一些涉及的过程很明显。在这两个大陆上，种群在适应性特征方面都有广泛的分化。这些适应的遗传结构涉及到惊人程度的非加性变异（上位性、显性），从理论上讲，这一结果可能反映了少数个体殖民后种群增长的历史。这种“奠基者-扩张”事件可能释放出非凡的进化潜力，随着更多研究利用生物入侵所代表的偶然扰动实验，其重要性将得到阐明。从保护的角度来看，本地物种的快速进化将给生态适宜和可持续管理带来挑战，但同时也可能增强本地群落对入侵物种进行生物控制的能力。
