Kendall G M, Hughes J S, Oatway W B, Jones A L
Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, 57 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HJ, UK.
J Radiol Prot. 2006 Sep;26(3):257-76. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/26/3/001. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Members of the UK population receive radiation doses from a number of sources including cosmic radiation, from uranium, thorium and their decay products, particularly radon, and from medical sources. On average, members of the UK population receive an effective dose of about 200 mSv over their lifetime. This results in a risk of fatal cancer of about 1%. However, the radiation dose is not the same to all individuals. Some components give doses that vary systematically from one region to another. Doses may also vary greatly from one individual to another. The rate at which the dose is accumulated may vary as the individual ages. Different organs and tissues do not necessarily receive the same dose. This paper discusses these factors and attempts to quantify them. Cosmic rays deliver doses which vary little across the body or between individuals. Terrestrial gamma rays also deliver more or less uniform whole-body doses, but the difference between individuals can be greater. Radionuclides in food deliver doses which vary both across the body and between individuals. These variations are even more marked in the case of doses from radon and from medical exposures.
英国民众会受到多种辐射源的照射，包括宇宙辐射、来自铀、钍及其衰变产物（特别是氡）的辐射，以及医疗辐射源。平均而言，英国民众一生中接受的有效剂量约为200毫希沃特。这导致患致命癌症的风险约为1%。然而，并非所有个体接受的辐射剂量都相同。某些辐射源产生的剂量在不同地区会有系统性差异。个体之间的剂量差异也可能很大。剂量积累的速率可能会随着个体年龄的增长而变化。不同的器官和组织不一定接受相同的剂量。本文将讨论这些因素并尝试对其进行量化。宇宙射线产生的剂量在身体各部位或个体之间变化很小。陆地伽马射线也会产生或多或少均匀的全身剂量，但个体之间的差异可能更大。食物中的放射性核素产生的剂量在身体各部位和个体之间都会有所不同。在来自氡和医疗照射的剂量方面，这些差异更为明显。
