Favilla M, Macchia L, Gallo A, Altomare C
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122, 70125 Bari, Italy.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Nov;44(11):1922-31. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.024. Epub 2006 Jul 13.
Fungal biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been marketed for control of crop pests, weeds, and diseases. However, BCAs may produce toxic metabolites, whose presence in the formulated products, in the crops and in the environment should be considered along with the associated risk. Two invertebrate models, viz. Artemia salina and Daphnia magna were used to assess the acute toxicity of seven BCA metabolites, characterized by different chemical nature and mode of action, namely alamethicin (ALA), paracelsin (PCS), antiamoebin (AAM), gliotoxin (GTX), destruxin A (DA), oosporein (OOS), and elsinochrome A (EA). The two invertebrates were very sensitive to all the metabolites examined, except OOS. The LC50s after 24 and 36 h exposures showed the following toxicity ranks: A. salina, DA > ALA > EA > GTX > AAM > PCS (LC50s ranging from 9.78 to 40.84 microg/ml at 24 h and from 2.92 to 18.56 microg/ml at 36 h); D. magna, DA > GTX = EA > ALA > PCS > AAM (LC50s ranging from 0.20 to 24.41 microg/ml at 24h and from 0.16 to 11.98 microg/ml at 36 h). LC50 of OOS to D. magna increased dramatically in 36 h exposure, compared to 24 h exposures (5.84 and 68.40 microg/ml, respectively). A. salina and D. magna proved to be suitable models for rapid and inexpensive screening of toxicity of BCAs at an early stage of product development.
真菌生物防治剂（BCAs）已投放市场用于防治农作物害虫、杂草和病害。然而，生物防治剂可能会产生有毒代谢产物，在制剂产品、农作物及环境中的存在情况以及相关风险都应予以考虑。使用了两种无脊椎动物模型，即卤虫（Artemia salina）和大型溞（Daphnia magna）来评估七种生物防治剂代谢产物的急性毒性，这些代谢产物具有不同的化学性质和作用方式，分别为阿拉霉素（ALA）、杀藻素（PCS）、抗阿米巴素（AAM）、胶毒素（GTX）、 destruxin A（DA）、卵孢霉素（OOS）和埃尔辛色素A（EA）。除了OOS外，这两种无脊椎动物对所有检测的代谢产物都非常敏感。暴露24小时和36小时后的半数致死浓度（LC50）显示出以下毒性等级：卤虫，DA > ALA > EA > GTX > AAM > PCS（24小时时LC50范围为9.78至40.84微克/毫升，36小时时为2.92至18.56微克/毫升）；大型溞，DA > GTX = EA > ALA > PCS > AAM（24小时时LC50范围为0.20至24.41微克/毫升，36小时时为0.16至11.98微克/毫升）。与暴露24小时相比，OOS对大型溞的LC50在暴露36小时时显著增加（分别为5.84和68.40微克/毫升）。卤虫和大型溞被证明是在产品开发早期快速且低成本筛选生物防治剂毒性的合适模型。
